[House Report 106-242]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
106th Congress Report
1st Session HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 106-242
======================================================================
MARINE MAMMAL RESCUE ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1999
_______
July 20, 1999.--Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the
State of the Union and ordered to be printed
_______
Mr. Young of Alaska, from the Committee on Resources, submitted the
following
R E P O R T
together with
ADDITIONAL VIEWS
[To accompany H.R. 1934]
[Including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office]
The Committee on Resources, to whom was referred the bill
(H.R. 1934) to amend the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972
to establish the John H. Prescott Marine Mammal Rescue
Assistance Grant Program, having considered the same, report
favorably thereon with an amendment and recommend that the bill
as amended do pass.
The amendment is as follows:
Strike out all after the enacting clause and insert in lieu
thereof the following:
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the ``Marine Mammal Rescue Assistance Act of
1999''.
SEC. 2. JOHN H. PRESCOTT MARINE MAMMAL RESCUE ASSISTANCE GRANT PROGRAM.
(a) In General.--Title IV of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972
(16 U.S.C. 1371 et seq.) is amended--
(1) by redesignating sections 408 and 409 as sections 409 and
410, respectively; and
(2) by inserting after section 407 the following:
``SEC. 408. JOHN H. PRESCOTT MARINE MAMMAL RESCUE ASSISTANCE GRANT
PROGRAM.
``(a) In General.--(1) Subject to the availability of appropriations,
the Secretary shall conduct a grant program to be known as the John H.
Prescott Marine Mammal Rescue Assistance Grant Program, to provide
grants to eligible stranding network participants for the recovery or
treatment of marine mammals, the collection of data from living or dead
marine mammals for scientific research regarding marine mammal health,
and facility operation costs that are directly related to those
purposes.
``(2)(A) The Secretary shall ensure that, to the greatest extent
practicable, funds provided as grants under this subsection are
distributed equitably among the designated stranding regions.
``(B) In determining priorities among such regions, the Secretary may
consider--
``(i) any episodic stranding or any mortality event other
than an event described in section 410(6), that occurred in any
region in the preceding year; and
``(ii) data regarding average annual strandings and mortality
events per region.
``(b) Application.--To receive a grant under this section, a
stranding network participant shall submit an application in such form
and manner as the Secretary may prescribe.
``(c) Advisory Group.--
``(1) In general.--The Secretary, in consultation with the
Marine Mammal Commission, shall establish an advisory group in
accordance with this subsection to advise the Secretary
regarding the implementation of this section, including the
award of grants under this section.
``(2) Membership.--The advisory group shall consist of a
representative from each of the designated stranding regions
and other individuals who represent public and private
organizations that are actively involved in rescue,
rehabilitation, release, scientific research, and forensic
science regarding stranded marine mammals.
``(3) Public participation.--
``(A) Meetings.--The advisory group shall--
``(i) ensure that each meeting of the
advisory group is open to the public; and
``(ii) provide, at each meeting of the
advisory group, an opportunity for interested
persons to present oral or written statements
concerning items on the agenda for the meeting.
``(B) Notice.--The Secretary shall provide to the
public timely notice of each meeting of the advisory
group.
``(C) Minutes.--The Secretary shall keep and make
available to the public minutes of each meeting of the
advisory group.
``(4) Exemption.--The Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 App.
U.S.C.) shall not apply to the establishment and activities of
an advisory group in accordance with this subsection.
``(d) Limitation.--The amount of a grant under this section shall not
exceed $100,000.
``(e) Matching Requirement.--
``(1) In general.--The non-Federal share of the costs of an
activity conducted with a grant under this section shall be 25
percent of such costs.
``(2) In-kind contributions.--The Secretary may apply to the
non-Federal share of an activity conducted with a grant under
this section the amount of funds, and the fair market value of
property and services, provided by non-Federal sources and used
for the activity.
``(f) Administrative Expenses.--Of amounts available each fiscal year
to carry out this section, the Secretary may expend not more than 6
percent to pay the administrative expenses necessary to carry out this
section.
``(g) Definitions.--In this section:
``(1) Designated stranding region.--The term `designated
stranding region' means a geographic region designated by the
Secretary for purposes of administration of this title.
``(2) Secretary.--The term `Secretary' has the meaning given
that term in section 3(12)(A).
``(h) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be
appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section $5,000,000 for
each of fiscal years 2001 through 2003, to remain available until
expended.''.
(b) Conforming Amendment.--Section 3(12)(B) of the Marine Mammal
Protection Act of 1972 (16 U.S.C. 1362(12)(B)) is amended by inserting
``(other than section 408)'' after ``title IV''.
(c) Clerical Amendment.--The table of contents in the first section
of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 (86 Stat. 1027) is amended
by striking the items relating to sections 408 and 409 and inserting
the following:
``Sec. 408. John H. Prescott Marine Mammal Rescue Assistance Grant
Program.
``Sec. 409. Authorization of appropriations.
``Sec. 410. Definitions.''.
Purpose of the Bill
The purpose of H.R. 1934 is to amend the Marine Mammal
Protection Act of 1972 to establish the John H. Prescott Marine
Mammal Rescue Assistance Grant Program.
Background and Need for Legislation
The Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA, 16 U.S.C. 1361 et
seq.) generally bans the taking of marine mammals in U.S.
waters and by U.S. citizens on the high seas, and on the
importation of marine mammals and marine mammal products into
the United States. The term ``take'' is defined to mean ``to
harass, hunt, capture, or kill, or attempt to harass, hunt
capture or kill any marine mammal.''
Jurisdiction over marine mammals under the MMPA is divided
between the Secretary of Commerce, acting through the National
Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), who is responsible for the
conservation and management of pinnipeds (seals and sea lions,
other than walruses) and cetaceans (dolphins and whales), and
the Secretary of the Interior, acting through the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service (FWS), who is responsible for walruses, sea
and marine otters, polar bears, manatees and dugongs. State
management of resident marine mammal populations is allowed if
the Secretary approves a State marine mammal management program
consistent with the MMPA. Criminal and civil penalties are
prescribed for violations of the MMPA.
In 1992, Congress enacted the Marine Mammal Health and
Stranding Response Act which: (1) statutorily recognized the
marine mammal stranding network; (2) established procedures for
responding to unusual mortality events affecting marine
mammals; and (3) established the National Marine Mammal Tissue
Bank. The Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response Act is
Title IV of the MMPA. Section 408 of the MMPA authorizes
appropriations for stranding data collection and the
maintenance of the Marine Mammal Tissue Bank. Section 405
permits NMFS to compensate persons for: (1) special costs
incurred in accordance with a contingency plan for an unusual
mortality event; (2) costs incurred in preparing and
transporting tissues collected during an unusual mortality
event for the Tissue Bank; and (3) care and maintenance of
marine mammals seized from a licensed public display facility.
A Marine Mammal Stranding Network has been established in
most coastal States. Most members of the Stranding Network are
volunteers who respond to both live and dead strandings of
cetaceans and pinnipeds. Network organizations and their
members must satisfy minimum marine mammal experience
requirements to be authorized as Network participants by NMFS.
Network participants are required to collect certain basic
biological data, including species, sex, length, location, and
any evidence of human interaction. In addition, they are
encouraged to collect other data and tissues that can be used
for scientific analysis (e.g., condition of ocean, temperature,
etc.).
Each year there are some 3,000 marine mammal strandings
reported in the United States. Seals and sea lions account for
about 2,000 of the strandings. Of the 1,000 cetacean
strandings, more than half involve bottlenose dolphins, but
significant numbers of pygmy sperm whales, harbor porpoises,
and common dolphins also strand each year. Stranding Network
members rehabilitate and release to the wild several hundred
animals. Although most of the animals released are seals and
sea lions, the number of cetaceans successfully treated has
risen in the last few years.
Most marine mammal strandings are not associated with
unusual mortality events. They involve the recovery of a dead
marine mammal or the rescue of an animal that can be
rehabilitated and released back into the wild. In most cases,
this assistance is provided by small, underfunded members of
the Marine Mammal Stranding Network, who go to extraordinary
lengths to save these mammals. There is an overriding need to
increase our scientific knowledge of marine mammals, and to
conserve these valuable species. Therefore, it is essential
that a small federal grant program be established to help
defray the high cost of recovery and rehabilitation of these
marine mammals that fall outside the existing MMPA Title IV
program. H.R. 1954 expands the existing MMPA stranding
assistance program by allowing eligible Stranding Network
participants to use funds for: (1) recovery and treatment of
marine mammals; (2) collection of scientific data from live and
dead animals; and (3) improving the treatment and operation of
rescue and rehabilitation centers. The legislation also
authorizes appropriations of $5 million per year until
September 30, 2003.
The program is named for and honors John H. Prescott, a
former Executive Director and Director Emeritus of the New
England Aquarium in Boston, Massachusetts, who passed away on
June 30, 1998. He was a well-known and well-respected marine
mammal educator, scientist and conservationist. During his 40-
year career, Mr. Prescott authored numerous articles on marine
mammal behavior, husbandry, rehabilitation and rescue, and led
the New England Aquarium to its preeminent position in the
rescue, study and rehabilitation of stranded marine mammals.
Mr. Prescott also served as an advisor to the U.S. Marine
Mammal Commission; a member of the Scientific Advisory Board,
American Cetacean Society; a member of the Society for Marine
Mammalogy; Chairman of the NMFS Humpback Whale Recovery Team;
and five years as a member of the U.S. delegation to the
International Whaling Commission.
Committee Action
H.R. 1934 was introduced on May 25, 1999, by Congressmen
Jim Saxton (R-NJ), Eni Faleomavaega (D-AS) and Frank LoBiondo
(R-NJ). The bill was referred to the Committee on Resources,
and within the Committee to the Subcommittee on Fisheries
Conservation, Wildlife and Oceans. On June 10, 1999, the
Subcommittee held a hearing on the bill. Testimony was heard
from Mr. Marshall Jones, Assistant Director for International
Affairs, FWS; Ms. Penelope Dalton, Assistant Administrator for
Fisheries, NMFS; Mr. Robert Schoelkopf, Director, Marine Mammal
Stranding Center; Dr. Andrew Stamper, Head Veterinarian, New
England Aquarium; Dr. Charles Manire, Chief, Marine Mammal
Strandings, Mote Marine Laboratory; and Mr. Wayne Pacelle,
Senior Vice President, Humane Society of the United States.
Each public witness strongly supported the bill. However, NMFS
believed it was more appropriate to address the issue of
funding the stranding network within the context of an MMPA
reauthorization. On June 22, 1999, the Subcommittee met to mark
up the bill. Chairman Saxton offered an amendment in the nature
of a substitute that: (1) required the Secretary to establish
an advisory group for evaluating grant proposals; (2) expanded
the 25-percentnon-federal match to include in-kind
contributions; (3) authorized an administrative expense provision with
a cap of six percent; and (4) clarified that the grants for collection
of information include both live and dead marine mammals for the
purpose of scientific research. The amendment was adopted by voice
vote. The bill, as amended, was then favorably reported by voice vote
to the Full Committee.
On June 30, 1999, the full Resources Committee met to
consider the bill. Congressman Jim Saxton offered an amendment
that: (1) ensured funds provided as grants are distributed
equitably among the five designated stranding regions; (2)
expanded membership of an existing advisory group to include
representatives from each designated stranding region; and (3)
defined ``designated stranding region.'' It was adopted by
voice vote. The bill, as amended, was then ordered favorably
reported to the House of Representatives by voice vote.
Committee Oversight Findings and Recommendations
Regarding clause 2(b)(1) of rule X and clause 3(c)(1) of
rule XIII of the Rules of the House of Representatives, the
Committee on Resources' oversight findings and recommendations
are reflected in the body of this report.
Constitutional Authority Statement
Article I, section 8 of the Constitution of the United
States grants Congress the authority to enact this bill.
Federal Advisory Committee Statement
The functions of the proposed advisory committee authorized
in this bill are not currently being nor could they be
performed by one or more agencies, an advisory group already in
existence or by enlarging the mandate of an existing advisory
group.
Compliance with House Rule XIII
1. Cost of Legislation. Clause 3(d)(2) of rule XIII of the
Rules of the House of Representatives requires an estimate and
a comparison by the Committee of the costs which would be
incurred in carrying out this bill. However, clause 3(d)(3)(B)
of that rule provides that this requirement does not apply when
the Committee has included in its report a timely submitted
cost estimate of the bill prepared by the Director of the
Congressional Budget Office under section 402 of the
Congressional Budget Act of 1974.
2. Congressional Budget Act. As required by clause 3(c)(2)
of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of Representatives and
section 308(a) of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974, this
bill does not contain any new budget authority, spending
authority, credit authority, or an increase or decrease in
revenues or tax expenditures.
3. Government Reform Oversight Findings. Under clause
3(c)(4) of Rule XIII of the Rules of the House of
Representatives, the Committee has received no report of
oversight findings and recommendations from the Committee on
Government Reform on this bill.
4. Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate. Under clause
3(c)(3) of Rule XIII of the Rules of the House of
Representatives and section 403 of the Congressional Budget Act
of 1974, the Committee has received the following cost estimate
for this bill from the Director of the Congressional Budget
Office:
U.S. Congress,
Congressional Budget Office,
Washington, DC, July 16, 1999.
Hon. Don Young,
Chairman, Committee on Resources,
House of Representatives, Washington, DC.
Dear Mr. Chairman: The Congressional Budget Office has
prepared the enclosed cost estimate for H.R. 1934, the Marine
Mammal Rescue Assistance Act of 1999.
If you wish further details on this estimate, we will be
pleased to provide them. The CBO staff contact is Deborah Reis.
Sincerely,
Barry B. Anderson
(For Dan L. Crippen, Director).
Enclosure.
congressional budget office cost estimate
H.R. 1934--Marine Mammal Rescue Assistance Act of 1999
Summary: Assuming appropriation of the authorized amounts,
CBO estimates that implementing H.R. 1934 would cost $15
million over the 2001-2004 period. The bill would not affect
direct spending or receipts; therefore, pay-as-you-go
procedures would not apply. H.R. 1934 contains no
intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA). Any costs incurred by
state, local, or tribal governments would result from the
voluntary participation in the grant program established by the
bill.
H.R. 1934 would direct the Secretary of Commerce to
establish the John H. Prescott Marine Mammal Rescue Assistance
Grant Program. Under this program, the National Marine
Fisheries Service (NMFS) would provide grants to groups or
individuals who assist stranded marine animals. The grants
could be used to recover or treat these animals, collect data
from living or dead specimens for research and cover operating
costs for related facilities. The bill also would direct the
Secretary to establish a group to advise the agency on
implementing the new program, including making grants. The bill
would authorize the appropriation of $5 million for each of
fiscal years 2001 through 2003.
Estimated cost to the Federal Government: The estimated
budgetary impact of H.R. 1934 is shown in the following table.
The costs of this legislation fall within budget function 300
(natural resources and environment). For purposes of this
estimate, CBO assumes that the entire amounts authorized will
be appropriated for each fiscal year. Estimated outlays are
based on the experience of similar programs carried out by NMFS
and other parts of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
By fiscal year, in millions of dollars--
-------------------------------------------------
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SPENDING SUBJECT TO APPROPRIATION
Authorization Level........................................... 0 5 5 5 0
Estimated Outlays............................................. 0 3 4 5 3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pay-as-you-go considerations: None.
Intergovernmental and private-sector impact: H.R. 1934
contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as
defined in UMRA. Any costs incurred by state, local, or tribal
governments would result from the voluntary participation in
the grant program established by the bill.
Estimate prepared by: Deborah Reis.
Estimate approved by: Paul N. Van de Water, Assistant
Director for Budget Analysis.
Compliance With Public Law 104-4
This bill contains no unfunded mandates.
Preemption of State, Local or Tribal Law
This bill is not intended to preempt any State, local or
tribal law.
Changes in Existing Law Made by the Bill, as Reported
In compliance with clause 3(e) of rule XIII of the Rules of
the House of Representatives, changes in existing law made by
the bill, as reported, are shown as follows (existing law
proposed to be omitted is enclosed in black brackets, new
matter is printed in italic, existing law in which no change is
proposed is shown in roman):
THE MARINE MAMMAL PROTECTION ACT OF 1972
* * * * * * *
TABLE OF CONTENTS
* * * * * * *
Title IV--Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response
Sec. 401. Establishment of program.
* * * * * * *
[Sec. 408. Authorization of appropriations.]
[Sec. 409. Definitions.]
Sec. 408. John H. Prescott Marine Mammal Rescue Assistance Grant
Program.
Sec. 409. Authorization of appropriations.
Sec. 410. Definitions.
* * * * * * *
Definitions
Sec. 3. For the purposes of this Act--
(1) * * *
* * * * * * *
(12)(A) * * *
(B) in section 118 and title IV (other than section
408) the term ``Secretary'' means the Secretary of
Commerce.
* * * * * * *
TITLE IV--MARINE MAMMAL HEALTH AND STRANDING RESPONSE
* * * * * * *
SEC. 408. JOHN H. PRESCOTT MARINE MAMMAL RESCUE ASSISTANCE GRANT
PROGRAM.
(a) In General.--(1) Subject to the availability of
appropriations, the Secretary shall conduct a grant program to
be known as the John H. Prescott Marine Mammal Rescue
Assistance Grant Program, to provide grants to eligible
stranding network participants for the recovery or treatment of
marine mammals, the collection of data from living or dead
marine mammals for scientific research regarding marine mammal
health, and facility operation costs that are directly related
to those purposes.
(2)(A) The Secretary shall ensure that, to the greatest
extent practicable, funds provided as grants under this
subsection are distributed equitably among the designated
stranding regions.
(B) In determining priorities among such regions, the
Secretary may consider--
(i) any episodic stranding or any mortality event
other than an event described in section 410(6), that
occurred in any region in the preceding year; and
(ii) data regarding average annual strandings and
mortality events per region.
(b) Application.--To receive a grant under this section, a
stranding network participant shall submit an application in
such form and manner as the Secretary may prescribe.
(c) Advisory Group.--
(1) In general.--The Secretary, in consultation with
the Marine Mammal Commission, shall establish an
advisory group in accordance with this subsection to
advise the Secretary regarding the implementation of
this section, including the award of grants under this
section.
(2) Membership.--The advisory group shall consist of
a representative from each of the designated stranding
regions and other individuals who represent public and
private organizations that are actively involved in
rescue, rehabilitation, release, scientific research,
and forensic science regarding stranded marine mammals.
(3) Public participation.--
(A) Meetings.--The advisory group shall--
(i) ensure that each meeting of the
advisory group is open to the public;
and
(ii) provide, at each meeting of the
advisory group, an opportunity for
interested persons to present oral or
written statements concerning items on
the agenda for the meeting.
(B) Notice.--The Secretary shall provide to
the public timely notice of each meeting of the
advisory group.
(C) Minutes.--The Secretary shall keep and
make available to the public minutes of each
meeting of the advisory group.
(4) Exemption.--The Federal Advisory Committee Act (5
App. U.S.C.) shall not apply to the establishment and
activities of an advisory group in accordance with this
subsection.
(d) Limitation.--The amount of a grant under this section
shall not exceed $100,000.
(e) Matching Requirement.--
(1) In general.--The non-Federal share of the costs
of an activity conducted with a grant under this
section shall be 25 percent of such costs.
(2) In-kind contributions.--The Secretary may apply
to the non-Federal share of an activity conducted with
a grant under this section the amount of funds, and the
fair market value of property and services, provided by
non-Federal sources and used for the activity.
(f) Administrative Expenses.--Of amounts available each
fiscal year to carry out this section, the Secretary may expend
not more than 6 percent to pay the administrative expenses
necessary to carry out this section.
(g) Definitions.--In this section:
(1) Designated stranding region.--The term
``designated stranding region'' means a geographic
region designated by the Secretary for purposes of
administration of this title.
(2) Secretary.--The term ``Secretary'' has the
meaning given that term in section 3(12)(A).
(h) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to
be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section
$5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2001 through 2003, to
remain available until expended.
SEC. [408.] 409. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.
There is authorized to be appropriated--
(1) to the Secretary for carrying out this title
(other than sections 405 and 407) $250,000 for each of
fiscal years 1993 and 1994;
(2) to the Secretary for carrying out section 407,
$250,000 for each of fiscal years 1993 and 1994; and
(3) to the Fund, $500,000 for fiscal year 1993.
SEC. [409.] 410. DEFINITIONS.
In this title, the following definitions apply:
(1) * * *
* * * * * * *
ADDITIONAL VIEWS
We support this legislation which would enhance the
activities of the Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Network.
The Stranding Program is an important voluntary partnership
network that provides invaluable information concerning the
ecological and physical health of stranded marine mammals to
the Federal government. Testimony before the Fisheries
Conservation, Wildlife and Oceans Subcommittee demonstrated
that average annual appropriations of $250,000 made available
from the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) to support or
reimburse participating network facilities are insufficient to
cover stranding response costs, especially costs to respond to
unusual mortality events. This often creates unintended
financial hardships on these very same facilities. The
additional $5 million per year would provide much needed
financial relief and would also enhance the capability of
network facilities to provide expanded services including
follow-up veterinary care, pharmaceutical treatments, and feed,
maintenance and rehabilitation programs. In short, this
additional funding should strengthen the existing network and
ensure that participating facilities are not forced to choose
between responding to stranding events or sacrificing other
program activities. However, we do not intend this funding to
be used by participating facilities to offset other expenses or
replace funds raised from private sources.
Witness testimony also made it clear that the full
potential of the Stranding Program remains unrealized and the
additional financial support should enable the Stranding
Program to become more proactive. We expect that a portion of
additional funds would bolster activities that are presently
inadequately funded, such as development of a strong marine
mammal health assessment program, and more expansive data
collection regarding stranding rates, diseases and
contaminants. Such information is vital to determine causal
connections between marine mammals, the marine environment, and
human perturbations. Moreover, NMFS could learn more from the
retrieved tissues of deceased marine mammals. Unfortunately,
the majority of stranded marine mammals never recover and
perish in captivity. These carcasses are a tremendous
biological resource that remain underutilized by veterinary and
forensic researchers. We would expect NMFS to use a portion of
the increased funding to support greater use of necropsy and
more expansive laboratory tissue analyses. Alarming findings in
California report that disease organisms such as the herpes
virus, and neurotoxins such as domoic acid which occurs in
harmful algal blooms, have been found in the tissues of marine
mammal that consume sardines and anchovies. Considering the
real potential for crossover affects that could jeopardize
human health and safety, it is imperative that NMFS make
optimal use of marine mammal carcasses to better learn why
strandings occur, how diseases and toxins affect marine
mammals, and how diseases might persist and be amplified
through the marine food change.
We also appreciate the majority's willingness to include
our provision to ensure equitable distribution of grant funds
among the five stranding network regions. Ten-year stranding
data conclusively demonstrates that the three Pacific regions
(Southwest, Northwest and Alaska) experience twice the number
of strandings as reported for the two Atlantic regions
(Northeast, Southeast). Because a sizable majority of stranding
facilities are located in the Atlantic regions, we acknowledge
the concern that simple geographic distribution based on
strandings data might be counterproductive to the ultimate goal
of improving the overall effectiveness of the Stranding
Program. We recognize the legitimate need for additional
resources to support existing stranding facilities, however we
contend that equitable funding should be distributed to regions
that experience high numbers of stranding events, such as the
Southwest region which alone exceeds in strandings all other
regions combined. Furthermore, we believe that additional funds
should be distributed to fill in gaps in current response
coverage for strandings that occur in remote areas, such as
strandings in the Pacific, including Hawaii and the territories
such as American Samoa. The most effective way to enhance the
stranding Program is for NMFS to ensure that these additional
dollars follow the demand generated by actual strandings, and
not simply address the existing needs of participating network
facilities.
George Miller,
Carlos Romero-Barcelo.
Eni Faleomavaega.