[House Hearing, 110 Congress] [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office] NOVEMBER 2007 SAN FRANCISCO OIL SPILL: CAUSES AND RESPONSE ======================================================================= (110-89) FIELD HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON COAST GUARD AND MARITIME TRANSPORTATION OF THE COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED TENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION __________ NOVEMBER 19, 2007 (San Francisco, CA) __________ Printed for the use of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure ------- U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 39-876 PDF WASHINGTON DC: 2007 --------------------------------------------------------------------- For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866)512-1800 DC area (202)512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001 COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE JAMES L. OBERSTAR, Minnesota, Chairman NICK J. RAHALL, II, West Virginia, JOHN L. MICA, Florida Vice Chair DON YOUNG, Alaska PETER A. DeFAZIO, Oregon THOMAS E. PETRI, Wisconsin JERRY F. COSTELLO, Illinois HOWARD COBLE, North Carolina ELEANOR HOLMES NORTON, District of JOHN J. DUNCAN, Jr., Tennessee Columbia WAYNE T. GILCHREST, Maryland JERROLD NADLER, New York VERNON J. EHLERS, Michigan CORRINE BROWN, Florida STEVEN C. LaTOURETTE, Ohio BOB FILNER, California RICHARD H. BAKER, Louisiana EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON, Texas FRANK A. LoBIONDO, New Jersey GENE TAYLOR, Mississippi JERRY MORAN, Kansas ELIJAH E. CUMMINGS, Maryland GARY G. MILLER, California ELLEN O. TAUSCHER, California ROBIN HAYES, North Carolina LEONARD L. BOSWELL, Iowa HENRY E. BROWN, Jr., South TIM HOLDEN, Pennsylvania Carolina BRIAN BAIRD, Washington TIMOTHY V. JOHNSON, Illinois RICK LARSEN, Washington TODD RUSSELL PLATTS, Pennsylvania MICHAEL E. CAPUANO, Massachusetts SAM GRAVES, Missouri JULIA CARSON, Indiana BILL SHUSTER, Pennsylvania TIMOTHY H. BISHOP, New York JOHN BOOZMAN, Arkansas MICHAEL H. MICHAUD, Maine SHELLEY MOORE CAPITO, West BRIAN HIGGINS, New York Virginia RUSS CARNAHAN, Missouri JIM GERLACH, Pennsylvania JOHN T. SALAZAR, Colorado MARIO DIAZ-BALART, Florida GRACE F. NAPOLITANO, California CHARLES W. DENT, Pennsylvania DANIEL LIPINSKI, Illinois TED POE, Texas DORIS O. MATSUI, California DAVID G. REICHERT, Washington NICK LAMPSON, Texas CONNIE MACK, Florida ZACHARY T. SPACE, Ohio JOHN R. `RANDY' KUHL, Jr., New MAZIE K. HIRONO, Hawaii York BRUCE L. BRALEY, Iowa LYNN A WESTMORELAND, Georgia JASON ALTMIRE, Pennsylvania CHARLES W. BOUSTANY, Jr., TIMOTHY J. WALZ, Minnesota Louisiana HEATH SHULER, North Carolina JEAN SCHMIDT, Ohio MICHAEL A. ACURI, New York CANDICE S. MILLER, Michigan HARRY E. MITCHELL, Arizona THELMA D. DRAKE, Virginia CHRISTOPHER P. CARNEY, Pennsylvania MARY FALLIN, Oklahoma JOHN J. HALL, New York VERN BUCHANAN, Florida STEVE KAGEN, Wisconsin STEVE COHEN, Tennessee JERRY McNERNEY, California LAURA A. RICHARDSON, California (ii) SUBCOMMITTEE ON COAST GUARD AND MARITIME TRANSPORTATION ELIJAH E. CUMMINGS, Maryland, Chairman GENE TAYLOR, Mississippi STEVEN C. LaTOURETTE, Ohio RICK LARSEN, Washington DON YOUNG, Alaska CORRINE BROWN, Florida HOWARD COBLE, North Carolina BRIAN HIGGINS, New York WAYNE T. GILCHREST, Maryland BRIAN BAIRD, Washington FRANK A. LoBIONDO, New Jersey TIMOTHY H. BISHOP, New York, Vice TED POE, Texas Chair JOHN L. MICA, Florida LAURA A. RICHARDSON, California (Ex Officio) JAMES L. OBERSTAR, Minnesota (Ex Officio) (iii) CONTENTS Page Summary of Subject Matter........................................ vi TESTIMONY Bone, Rear Admiral Craig E., Commander, Eleventh Coast Guard District....................................................... 9 Chrisman, Mike, Secretary, California Resources Agency........... 9 Conner, William G., Ph.D., Chief, Hazmat Emergency Response Division, NOAA Office of Response and Restoration.............. 9 Grader, Zeke, Executive Director, Pacific Coast Federation of Fisherman's Associations....................................... 38 Hand, Captain Thomas, Bar Pilot, San Francisco Bar Pilots Association.................................................... 38 Hersman, Deborah, Member, National Transportation Safety Board... 9 Lewis, David, Executive Director, Save the Bay................... 38 Newsom, Hon. Gavin, Mayor, City of San Francisco, California..... 5 PREPARED STATEMENT SUBMITTED BY MEMBERS OF CONGRESS Farr, Hon. Sam, of California.................................... 53 Stark, Hon. Pete, of California.................................. 55 Woolsey, Hon. Lynn C., of California............................. 57 PREPARED STATEMENTS SUBMITTED BY WITNESSES Bone, Rear Admiral Craig E....................................... 59 Chrisman, Mike................................................... 64 Conner, William.................................................. 72 Grader, Zeke..................................................... 91 Hand, Captain Thomas............................................. 99 Hersman, Deborah................................................. 101 Lewis, David..................................................... 103 Newsom, Hon. Gavin............................................... 111 [GRAPHICS NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT] HEARING ON SAN FRANCISCO NOVEMBER 2007 OIL SPILL CAUSES AND RESPONSE ---------- Monday, November 19, 2007 House of Representatives Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation San Francisco, CA. The Subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10:00 a.m., in Golden Gate Club, 135 Fisher Loop, The Presidio, San Francisco, California, Hon. Elijah E. Cummings [Chairman of the Subcommittee] presiding. Present: Representatives Cummings and Richardson. Also Present: Representatives Pelosi, Lantos, Lee, Lofgren, McNerney, Miller of California, Tauscher, and Woolsey. Mr. Cummings. The Subcommittee is now in order. Speaker Pelosi. Speaker Pelosi. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman. On behalf of the people of California, the Bay area, I thank you so much for being so responsive to the request of Congresswoman Ellen Tauscher, Member of your Committee, to have this hearing so soon, and especially in light of the holiday coming up. We are honored by our presence in our City. We are pleased to be joined by other Members of the Committee, Congresswoman Ellen Tauscher, Congressman Jerry McNerney, Congresswoman Laura Richardson, who will be joining us shortly, as well as many senior Members of our California delegation, from my right, Congresswoman Barbara Lee, Congresswoman Lynn Woolsey, Chairman George Miller, I mentioned Congresswoman Ellen Tauscher, mentioned Congressman Jerry McNerney, Chairman Tom Lantos and Chairwoman also, Zoe Lofgren. Mr. Chairman, as you have heard over and over, over the years from us, all of us has a personal relationship with this bay. Every person who lives in the Bay area feels a sense of ownership for it. It is a source of environmental safety. It's a source of commerce, whether it's fishing, or commerce passing through on ships through our bay, it is a source of recreation. It's always, always renewing our community, whether it's taking my grandchildren down there to play in the water, or all of us joining together to make sure that we have the dredging funds and that that dredging is done in an environmentally sound way. All of us have a stake, and have dedicated our work in Congress, in each of our offices, with a major emphasis on saving the bay. It is, as I said, a precious resource. Its biodiversity and fundamental role in commerce and recreation make it essential to the vitality of the entire region. Protection of the bay, its safety, and its health, has always been a priority, as I mentioned, for our Members. I remember when Chairman Miller went up, at the time of the Exxon Valdez, and he came back down and told us what was happening there, and informed us of how we needed to protect our bay. This oil spill and the quality of the response to the environmental disaster is of grave concern, given the harmful consequences that may have been avoided. Following that Exxon Valdez spill, some of us introduced legislation in the 101st Congress to amend the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, to require the President to develop a Fish and Wildlife response plan that would better coordinate the efforts of various Government entities to protect fish and wildlife against oil spills. That legislation became part of the more major Oil Pollution Act. And so, today's hearing will help us understand what could have been avoided and what more we can do, how to respond more effectively, and to, again, impress upon the Congress of the United States that this is not only important to us in our region, the San Francisco Bay is a national resource, a national treasure. I want to thank you, Mr. Chairman, once again for your leadership on the Committee of jurisdiction, for the generosity of your time and changing your family plans so that you could be with us today. I think it speaks eloquently to your appreciate for what this bay means to us. We are very proud in our community, Mr. Chairman, of our Mayor, who was recently reelected and will be our first witness today. I'll yield back to you to recognize him. As Speaker of the House, I am a witness and observer of this hearing, because I don't serve on any Committees. But, I wanted you to be sure to know how important your visit is to us, how important this bay is to our community and to our country, and thank you once again for joining us today. Mr. Cummings. Thank you very much, Madam Speaker, and before I begin, and first of all, I also thank you for your sense of urgency. Urgency is so very important, particularly, in these critical types of situations. Before I begin, I ask unanimous consent that the following Members of Congress may sit with the Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation and participate in this hearing, Congresswoman Pelosi, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, Congresswoman Ellen Tauscher, a Member of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, Congressman Jerry McNerney, Member of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, Congressman George Miller, Congressman Tom Lantos, Congresswoman Lynn Woolsey, Congresswoman Zoe Lofgren, and Congresswoman Barbara Lee, and without objection it is so ordered. Of course, I also want to recognize the presence of Congresswoman Laura Richardson, who will be with us shortly, and is a Member, by the way, of this Subcommittee. I particularly thank Speaker Pelosi and Congresswoman Tauscher and the entire Bay Area delegation and their staffs for their assistance in organizing this hearing. I wanted to commend the Speaker and the Bay Area delegation for their leadership on this issue. They moved to hold this hearing and to begin oversight on this issue immediately, after the spill occurred. The leadership is exemplified by the Speaker's presence with us today, and it is my honor to have her with us. The Subcommittee convenes today in San Francisco, California, to consider the circumstances that led the COSCO BUSAN, a 992-foot ocean-going container ship flagged in Hong Kong to hit the San Francisco open Bay Bridge on November 7th, an event known as an allision. The allision created a gash of more than 200 feet long and 12 feet wide in the side of the vessel, which in turn allowed approximately 58,000 gallons of intermediate fuel oil to rush into the San Francisco Bay. The consequences of this spill have been simply devastating, evident with every oil-covered bird and seal and in the desolation of every closed beach. It is the responsibility of the Congress to oversee the programs and operations of the Executive Branch. I've closely followed the reports of the events and the discoveries occurring in the wake of this catastrophe and, frankly, I'm deeply disturbed by and what I have been hearing. Too many questions remain unanswered. This year, the Subcommittee has been receiving testimony from the maritime industry and labor detailing the loss of expertise in the Coast Guard's Marine Safety Program. Today, we are here to shine a spotlight onto the problems in all aspects of the Marine Safety Program, including prevention, response, and investigation, that this accident again brings to our attention. If we cannot yet see clearly into every corner, or onto every oil-covered beach or isolated inlet, we will at least be able to point investigators in the directions where they should look for the answers we expect. Let me lay out just some of the questions to which we need answers. Should the Coast Guard have prevented this ship from departing the port in heavy fog? Frankly, I'm interested in understanding how this ship could hit this bridge, as its position should be obvious even to those not trained in navigation. The Bay Bridge is not a small marker or buoy floating in the water. It is an enormous landmark. Did the pilot understand the charts he was using to navigate the bay, and were there communication difficulties among the bridge crew members? There are also questions about why the Vessel Traffic Service, manned by the Coast Guard personnel, asked the ship's crew what its intentions were, rather than warning it of the impending allision. It appears, and I emphasize, that the final word on this matter will likely not be written until the National Transportation Safety Board completes its investigation, but it appears that this question was asked because the vessel was not completing a turn that is part of the normal course taken by ships heading to sea. However, it is also unclear whether the Vessel Traffic Service was even able to warn the ship of the impending allision, because the tracking systems in place in the service center are not advanced enough to provide the kind of detail that would be necessary for such a warning. Our National Vessel Traffic Service Systems were created by Congress as a result of a collision that occurred right here, under the Golden Gate Bridge in 1971, between the Arizona Standard and the Oregon Standard. Now, 36 years later we are back in the San Francisco Bay trying to understand why that Vessel Traffic Service did not, or could not, alert the COSCO BUSAN that its course would lead to disaster. Regarding the response to the oil spill, the initial estimates of the amount of oil discharged from the COSCO BUSAN were ridiculously low, particularly, given that the entire spill occurred in what, apparently, was a very short span of time. And, some eye witnesses reported seeing a large sheen almost immediately after the allision, despite the fact that they, apparently, had many assets in the water around the COSCO BUSAN, very quickly after the spill Coast Guard personnel initially reported that only 140 gallons had been released. It was not until some eight hours later that the Coast Guard investigators reported to the Unified Command that nearly 58,000 gallons had, in fact, been spilled. Why were the initial reports of the total volume spilled so inaccurate? We are not talking about being off by a few gallons here. There's a significant difference between 140 and 58,000. Did the Area Contingency Plan, agreed to by the Federal, state and local agencies, have adequate provisions to enable them to contain a significant spill in this area before it spread throughout the bay region? And finally, what problems have occurred in the investigation of the cause of this marine casualty? We now understand that the drug and alcohol testing of the crew members and pilot did not conform to the Coast Guard regulatory requirements. We also understand that the Coast Guard investigators were unaware of, and did not obtain, a copy of the voyage data recorder that contained valuable information regarding conversations on the bridge, radar displays, electronic chart displays, and the heading and speed of the vessel. It is imperative that the Coast Guard and all parties to the this incident provide whatever information and records they have to the National Transportation Safety Board so that there can be a complete investigation, both of the events leading up to this accident, as well as of the responders' efforts. I also emphasize that our Subcommittee will continue to follow this investigation as it progresses, until we get clear and definitive answers to every question, no matter how uncomfortable the questions might be. Finally, before I close, I want to put the significance of today's hearing into a broader context. Since the beginning of the 110th Congress, when I assumed Chairmanship of this Subcommittee, our Subcommittee has been comprehensively examining the operational capabilities of the Coast Guard. The United States Coast Guard is an organization that is undergoing profound changes, as many of the agencies of the Federal Government have undergone after the terrible events of 9/11. Prior to 9/11, the Coast Guard was a service that combined such responsibilities as conducting research, rescue operations and law enforcement operations, regulating the maritime industry, protecting our Nation's marine resources and performing some military functions pertaining to security. After 9/11, while retaining all of these additional responsibilities, the Coast Guard has assumed significant new responsibilities for homeland security. The Coast Guard must ensure the security at ports and port facilities, it must assist in the roll out of the TWIT card that is intended to control access to secure port facilities, and it must conduct a variety of operations to ensure security around U.S. vessels and waterside facilities in Iraq. Our Subcommittee has been assessing how the Coast Guard, integrating these new responsibilities with the additional responsibilities, and in no way do we question how critical the new homeland security initiatives are, the security of our Nation is, obviously, the highest concern to me, to the Subcommittee, and to this Congress. I note that under the leadership of Speaker Pelosi, the first bill the current Congress considered this term was HR1, a bill that will increase the scanning of cargo containers carried to our Nation on ships from the current level of approximately 5 percent to 100 percent. However, the scene of oil scattered on the beaches throughout this region illustrates, in the starkest possible terms, how critical the traditional missions performed by the Coast Guard remain to our Nation, particularly, given our growing dependence on imported oil. I often say that the Coast Guard is our thin blue line at sea, and we absolutely must ensure it is not being stretched too thin as it continues to seek balance among its missions. It must be prepared to stand between our Nation's 360 ports, 25,000 miles of domestic waterways, and 95,000 miles of coastline, and a spreading oil slick at the same time as it stands between us and the terrorists who threaten our Nation. It is my understanding that Members of the Committee will be submitting their opening statements for the record. Is there anyone that--everybody consents? Very well. Mr. Cummings. We will now hear from Mayor Newsom, and thank you very much, sir, for being with us. TESTIMONY OF THE HONORABLE GAVIN NEWSOM, MAYOR, CITY OF SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA Mayor Newsom. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and thank you for being here and convening this Subcommittee, and I thank the Speaker for her leadership and her willingness to organize this so quickly after the oil spill and, of course, the congressional delegation from the Bay Area is about as good as it gets. So, we feel in very good hands. I will submit my written testimony as well, though I want to just very briefly, and I recognize the shortness of time, hit on five key points. One is the issue of notification, issue of incident command and response, volunteer management questions, issues that you brought up, Mr. Chairman, around navigational safety procedures, vessel control, and then the broader issues of clean-up and some closing comments. It is, indeed, true, as you say, Mr. Chairman, the notification was lax, and, in fact, arguably, there was no notification, even of the 140 gallons of oil being spilled. It turns out the incident that occurred, roughly occurred at 8:30 in the morning, wasn't til at 9:24 that a part-time fire boat operator, name of Phil McCormick, called our Fire Boat Operations and talked to a Lt. Dudier, about this incident. The Coast Guard did not call us, Fish and Game did not call us, it was a part-time fire boat operator that called to say something is going on. We immediately began the process of coordinating potential dispatch of that fire boat, only to find out after we initiated calls to the Coast Guard that, indeed, there was an incident and they did not need our fire boat. We then began to receive phone calls from our port, and representatives of the City Government, that were complaining about employees with headaches and nausea, and this is at 9:30, 9:45, 10:00, which was curious at best, in fact, precipitated a phone call with the port directors behind me saying, directly with me, thinking she, frankly, was over-reacting, to be candid, 140 gallons is significant, but I thought it was a bit of an over-reaction. Nonetheless, it precipitated in our desire to organize a conference call at 1:00 after the evacuation of our port and Pier One property was complete. Again, we initiated that conference call. We were fortunate to have on that conference call the Coast Guard, that did participate, but, again, only with the information confirming this 140 gallon spill. Hours went beyond the 1:00 conference call, and we were unaware that at 4:49 the state was notified that the spill was, indeed, much larger. Mr. Chairman, your comment about eight hours versus 12 hours, indeed, the State was notified of a 58,000 gallon spill, 53,500 to 58,000 gallon spill, at 4:49, the City was not. At 4:49, no one from the State contacted us, 6:00, 7:00 nothing had changed, still 140 gallons, 7:00, 8:00, 8:30, 9:00, all of a sudden on the radio, I'm in my car and I'm hearing about the fact it's 58,000 gallons. This is before the conference call was initiated at 9:00 from the State OES with all the various agencies. So, I'm finding out pursuant to a press release that the spill was not 140 gallons, but 58,000 gallons. Again, the State OES, apparently, had that information as well, and for whatever reason they did not notify us. Now, here's why I think they didn't. You have very different procedures under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, that are absolutely foreign to the procedures that are well organized out here to deal with all hazards response, as it relates to earthquakes, et cetera. In fact, we just worked for two years with your support Homeland Security money to fund the first major regional emergency operation plan in the history of our State. We have very strong protocols, the State OES being the lead agency. In this case, pursuant to that Area Contingency Plan, Mr. Cummings, you reference, that protocol is different. The protocol in this place puts the State Fish and Game, respectfully, the Coast Guard, and ``the responsible party,'' in control of that organized effort, not the State OES and not the local agencies that exercise on just this type of protocol day in and day out. A consequence of that, we enjoyed a disorganized effort. We were in a liaison position, and let me say candidly, were not particularly embraced as liaison to this incident, nor were the other agencies around the Bay, local agencies, and we experienced an enormous amount of frustration in that first 24 hours, say, actually, first 48 hours. These protocols must be addressed. They are 20 years old. You've got protocols in place for every kind of all hazard, but with oil all of a sudden all bets are off. Imagine if this was WMD, combined with oil, you've got chaos. We are just blessed, and oil is, you know, shouldn't be change the protocol just because oil is being used as a weapon here, and I think that absolutely must be addressed immediately. It's not a year, two, three years from now, that Area Contingency Plan needs to change immediately. You can work on the Oil Pollution Act later, but we've got to fix this Area Contingency Plan. A third area is volunteer management. This is a City that prides itself on volunteer initiative. They were completely left out in the cold. We, again, have protocols in place for earthquakes. We have protocols in place for all these other emergencies with regard to volunteering. In this case, we do not, and I know that Rear Admiral Bone will talk a little bit more about that, they have acknowledged both the notification questions and the issue of volunteer management. We now, though, proudly have 1,450 certified volunteers that have gone through protocol and process, which has been established. We are working with the Coast Guard, but these things, again, as part of the Area Contingency Plan, need to be adopted and improved. The issue of navigational safety procedures and vessel controls, you know, it's remarkable, Congressman Miller, I was listening to you on the radio this morning talking about these larger vessels. These vessels are larger because they are doing these wing fuel tanks, and they are not double hulled, and we've got to get these things, I don't care if it's bunker fuel or oil, no mammal on the Bay, no one who runs on the beach, could care less if it's oil or bunker fuel. These double hulls need to be addressed, and these ships that are faster and, obviously, are more prevalent in our Bay, are, potentially, more problematic because of these new strategies with these wing tanks. We recognize as well that the traffic control systems, the more accurate damage assessment protocols need to be advanced as well. We appreciate the investigation on weather, and language, and all the rest, these clearly are important. Clean-up, again, in the interest of time, very briefly, we just hope you are around a year, two, three, five years from now. It's what lies beneath the surface that I'm most concerned about. Yes, we are concerned about high tide coming in, but it's the plant life underneath. This is a migratory--one of the critical migratory areas, the Pacific Flyway, this is arguably the most extraordinary and complex urban estuary anywhere in the United States, again, 7 plus million people in this region, it's an extraordinary natural resource, and we need to make sure that our shell fish, our mammals, all our underwater plants, marshes, wetlands, estuaries and the like, are absolutely cleaned up. And finally, I do think it's appropriate to talk about the issue of issue energy and dependence. It is only going to get worse before it gets better. We'll be back ten years with another potential problem if we don't aggressively address this, this Congress is doing it, you haven't gotten the credit you deserve, keep doing it. We are ready to work with you. We are proud of our environmental stewardship, including a big tidal program right at the mouth of the Bay., We want to do more. The more we do, the more others can do, and the less likely we have to see an incident similar to this in the future. Again, that's in very broad strokes, very short strokes, what we've experienced, again, not dissimilar to what's been reported, frustration, finger pointing, sure, but we also believe moving from who is to blame to what to do, and I want to just underscore one point as it relates to moving away from who is to blame to what to do, when Rear Admiral Bone came in to San Francisco we were able to move away from who is to blame, and we began to focus on what to do. And, if there's anyone who deserves an enormous amount of credit, sure, tough questions, and he's get them, he's gotten them from us, it's Rear Admiral Bone, who has done an outstanding job, but again, we need to do a better job of advancing protocols, we need to make sure the State of California is front and center on this, we haven't heard enough focus on that, and better coordination with that area plan, and I think a review of that Oil Pollution Act 1990, because I believe that it is outdated and no longer relevant to the new realities post 9/11 and post Katrina. Thank you. Mr. Cummings. Mayor, thank you, thank you very much, and I understand there will be no questions. But, you have assured us that you were going to stick around, just in case the panel members may have some questions for you off the floor. Mayor Newsom. Absolutely. Mr. Cummings. Thank you very much. Mayor Newsom. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Cummings. Thank you. Mr. Cummings. We'll now hear from our first panel. We welcome Rear Admiral Craig Bone, the Commander of the Coast Guard's Eleventh District, Ms. Deborah Hersman, Member, National Transportation Safety Board, Mr. William G. Conner, Dr. William G. Conner, Chief of HAZMAT Emergency Response Division with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and Mr. Mike Chrisman, Secretary of the California Resources Agency. Thank you all for being with us. We would ask that you adhere to a strict five-minute rule. We ask that you summarize your testimony. We do have your written statements, and they will be made a part of the record. Rear Admiral Bone, thank you. TESTIMONY OF REAR ADMIRAL CRAIG E. BONE, COMMANDER, ELEVENTH COAST GUARD DISTRICT; DEBORAH HERSMAN, MEMBER, NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD; WILLIAM G. CONNER, Ph.D., CHIEF, HAZMAT EMERGENCY RESPONSE DIVISION, NOAA OFFICE OF RESPONSE AND RESTORATION; MIKE CHRISMAN, SECRETARY, CALIFORNIA RESOURCES AGENCY Admiral Bone. Good morning, Madam Speaker, Chairman Cummings, and distinguished Members of Congress. On November 7, 2007, the Hong Kong flag motor vessel COSCO BUSAN was outbound departing the Port of Oakland in very heavy fog, under the guidance and direction of a California State Licensed Pilot, Captain John Joseph Cota, and the control of the COSCO BUSAN's master, with 23 crew members. State Pilotage and participation in the Coast Guard San Francisco Vessel Traffic System, is mandatory for this transit. The Coast Guard has no record of communication from Captain Cota or the ship's master prior to departure reporting any unsafe, inoperable propulsion, steering, communications or navigation systems. Early in the transit, the State Pilot, Captain Cota, communicated to Coast Guard VTS San Francisco his intent to pass through the delta echo span of the Bay Bridge, which is one of the easiest spans to pass through because it's over 2,000 feet wide. The VTS operators are neither pilots nor masters. Thus, they do not control, give commands, give courses to steer, or give speeds to travel. They are trained to question a pilot when it appears the communicated intentions are not what, in fact, they had stated before, and to do so early enough so that a pilot or a master, if they need to, can take appropriate action. They are also trained not to distract the pilot with interruptions during any critical maneuver. Approximately, two and a half minutes prior to the COSCO BUSAN's allision with the Bay Bridge, the VTS operator provided Captain Cota his observed course of the ship, and questioned if the pilot still intended to pass through the delta echo span of the bridge. The VTS operator did not give the pilot or the master rudder commands, courses to steer, nor did he tell them to turn the ship into the bridge. The allision of the motor vessel COSCO BUSAN, with the support structure of the bridge, actually hit the fendering system and knocked away about a 50-foot section of that fendering system, sending debris into the water, causing a gash, which we now know to be well over 200 feet long, the damaged area may be as high as 270 feet long. And, as you said, Mr. Chairman, 12 foot by 3 foot section. That means 12 foot wide, 3 feet deep into the vessel's hull. Also, it resulted in between 53,000 and 58,000 gallons of fuel, which is intermediate fuel oil No. 380, which is commonly known as bunker sea fuel. The forward ship's allision with the Bay Bridge marks the first recording of an ocean-going ship striking this bridge that we have on record. We'll continue to work closely with the NTSB to determine what went so tragically wrong, as this ship is equipped with the most advanced systems, a ship with a licensed master, a State Licensed Pilot, charged by the State of California to safely navigate this vessel, and with a licensed foreign crew. Their failure to navigate and make safe transit through any of the four spans, any of the four spans of the Bay Bridge, resulted in extreme damage to this pristine environment and wildlife. It resulted in unnecessary risk and health to the Bay Area citizens, leaving no options but to mount a unified response made up of Federal, state and local emergency responders, as well as oil pollution professionals. It compelled an unprecedented on the water response in now very hazardous conditions, due to floating debris, the potential of containers coming off of this vessel with hazardous material in them, that aren't going to float, by the way, up high, but maybe below, oil in the water, coupled with heavy fog, visibility only as far as 300 feet, and we had no air support until late that afternoon. The selfless action, I'd offer, and dedication, and preparedness and training of those individuals resulted in one of the most successful clean-ups that I've ever seen in my 30 years, actual clean-up operations, and you'll have a chance to see why, and there's more than 1,400 responders that are actually responding right now. Madam Speaker, Mr. Chairman, no one enjoys going under the microscope, but I know there's many lessons to learn, many lessons that we've learned from this, many to be learned, and there's improvements that need to be made. I also have to tell you that we have to congratulate the volunteers, it's unprecedented to see the number of volunteers, especially--this is the first time in my career I ever had people that wanted to pick up hazardous material off the water, I mean, off the beach. HAZMAT cancerous material, these people in this community have an unbelievable spirit of volunteerism, and, actually, inspired our crews. They were out on scene. And, the men and women of the Coast Guard, we live in this community, the same as you, and we love this environment, and it kills us also when something like this happens. And so, I just tell you, we'll do whatever we can to keep from having it again, investigating why it happened, joining NTSB to prevent it, and we'll respond the same way as we did this time with regard to the actual on-site response. Madam Speaker, Chairman Cummings, and distinguished Members of Congress, I greatly respect the responsibilities of this full and Subcommittee and I'm prepared to answer any questions you may have. Mr. Cummings. Ms. Hersman. Ms. Hersman. Good morning, Chairman Cummings, Speaker Pelosi, and Members of Congress. Thank you for allowing me the opportunity to testify on behalf of the National Transportation Safety Board, regarding the containership accident here in San Francisco Bay. The Safety Board, as you know, is an independent agency charged with investigating all civil aviation accidents, as well as accidents in other modes of transportation, including marine. Our responsibility is to determine probable cause and issue safety recommendations to prevent such an accident from reoccurring. The Safety Board seldom rules out any potential causes of an accident during the initial stages of an investigation. Although we have gathered a tremendous amount of information in the last week, there is still considerable work remaining for our investigators, including conducting additional witness interviews, analysis of the voyage data recorder, and verification of the documentation we have received from the Coast Guard and other parties. After the allision, we monitored the events in San Francisco. On the morning of November 10th, it became clear that the incident was a catastrophe, and we launched a six- person team from our Washington office. I accompanied the team as the Board's spokesperson. Our team was in San Francisco that day, and we began our formal investigation on that Sunday. Since then, the Board has sent three additional investigators to augment our team. Our investigative groups address specific areas, such as engineering, deck operations, human performance and emergency response. Other teams, such as the Voyage Data Recorder Team, will be formed as needed. Our investigation is focusing on the safety aspects of this accident and the initial response. The issues we have identified so far and are investigating include, probable cause of the ship's allision with the bridge, damages sustained by the ship and the bridge, notification of the accident, and action taken immediately after the accident to limit and contain the spill. This accident poses some challenges for our investigators. VDRs, or voyage data recorders, are relatively new. In fact, the COSCO BUSAN was not required to have a voyage data recorder. The technology is new, however, and there are a number of proprietary systems. Although we have been able to audition the voyage data recorder audio recordings, and see periodic radar screen shots, we have not been able to analyze the vessel's performance, such as engine speed, rudder movements, heading and speed, because we lack the necessary software. We just obtained that playback software from the German manufacturer last Friday. We'll be convening our group to download all of that information next week. Since the crew is entirely Chinese, all recorded conversations among the crew members are in Chinese. We will have a Chinese interpreter with our VDR group to make sure that all of the information is accurately transcribed. The communications between the pilot and the ship's personnel was in English. We are reluctant to characterize what was said until we know the substance of all of the bridge communications. Fortunately, accidents like this are rare. The Safety Board has not investigated the pollution aspects of a major marine accident since 1990. There are some new issues for us, and we will address those issues with the same objectivity and independence as we do all of our investigations. We are fortunate in that we have other experts from other modes of transportation within the NTSB to assist us with the investigation; experts from HAZMAT and from Recorders. The Board is presently in the initial phases of this investigation and there is still much work to be done. The investigation and final report could take as long as a year to complete. As new and significant developments occur, we will be sure to keep the Committee, Members of Congress and the community of San Francisco informed. The Safety Board investigators are still on scene. We will be having our wrap up meeting this evening with respect to our on scene investigation and will be taking all of the information that we have obtained here back to headquarters to perform our analysis. I do expect that our investigators will need to return to San Francisco to conduct some follow up work. Many agencies and groups have assisted the NTSB with this accident and responded to the accident that occurred. We would like to express our gratitude to the community and all of the groups who have assisted us. This concludes my testimony, and I stand ready to answer any questions. Mr. Cummings. Thank you very much, Ms. Hersman. Dr. Conner. Mr. Conner. Good morning, Madam Speaker, Chairman Cummings, distinguished Members. I'm glad to be here from my hometown of Mount Airy, Maryland to talk to you today about what NOAA has been doing in response to the COSCO BUSAN I have got a little frog in my throat. Thank you. My name is William Conner, I'm the Chief of the Emergency Response Division, Office of Response and Restoration, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Joining me today are Lisa Simmons from the National Marine Sanctuary Program and Jordon Stout, my scientific support coordinator for the San Francisco area. And, both of these individuals have been involved in the response to the spill here. NOAA is a science agency. We bring science to response, to improve the response decisions that are made in an emergency situation like this, and we focus on hazardous materials and oil. I want to talk about three things that NOAA does during a response like this, our three jobs. The most important ones are, to provide scientific support to the Coast Guard, to provide information that helps us protect national marine sanctuary resources that have been set aside because they are very special, and also to restore natural resources that are harmed by hazardous spills. The Scientific Support Coordinator for NOAA is a key player in this whole package, and they are supported from Seattle by what we call the NOAA Home Team, a special group of scientists that do pollution modeling, injury assessment, and that sort of thing. Our Scientific Support Coordinator was contacted on November 7 by the Coast Guard, and immediately swung into action to order a trajectory analysis, and a weather prediction to aid the response. So, shortly after noon on that first day, our first trajectory prediction was provided to the Incident Command Post that had been set up. This was based on our Physical Oceanographic Real Time System for observing ocean tides and water levels, and provided a picture of where the oil might go over the first few tidal cycles. In your handouts, I have this handout on page four you'll see what a trajectory analysis looks like. Keep in mind that all this blue and black here does not mean that the whole bay was covered with oil, but if you key in to the bottom there's a key that kind of gives you a hint as to what the water would look like from the air, where you'd have streaks and streamers of oil pictured down below. In addition, we have a trajectory prediction that focuses on the very first hours of the spill, also provided in your handout, and we focused in, ground truth this with overflights, and it reveals that two hours into the spill the oil was already covering about four square miles of the Bay. We'll talk about that more later if you have interest. We also produced overflights and pictures. On the far side there are the pictures from the initial overflight that was conducted at noon of day two, of the spill. During the first week, NOAA delivered 14 overflight maps, 12 trajectory forecasts, 14 tidal forecasts, 17 weather updates, and five special assessments or establishment of protocols for the clean-up. We were very active. Secondly, I'd like to talk about the Sanctuaries Program. Their role in the spill, as I said, is to provide information to protect critical resources. We have three sanctuaries in this area, Monterey Bay, Gulf of the Farallones, Cordell Bank, all three provide critical habitat to very special and endangered coastal species. They have a connection with the volunteer group called Beach Watch that was mobilized on the second day of the spill, and they've been very effective providing three to four people every day to the Incident Command since that time, as well as a couple of dozen volunteers every day. Thirdly, I wanted to talk about restoration of natural resources. Under the Oil Pollution Act, the responsible parties responsible for restoring natural resources harmed by the spill. In order to do this, you have to do a restoration planning exercise, present a restoration plan to the public, and then the responsible party is responsible for paying to implement that plan. I'm glad to tell you that the restoration planning has been initiated already. Several agencies from the Federal and State Government are involved, including the State of California, the National Park Service, the Fish and Wildlife Service and NOAA, and we've been working very successfully with the Responsible Party to get this expedited. So, to wrap up, again, the theme here for NOAA is science, smarter decisions for response. We bring a package that starts with basic observations about the ocean, currents, tides, weather, place-based expertise in natural resources, combined with hazardous material expertise, to model, predict and observe while the incident is occurring. Thank you very much for this chance to be with you. Mr. Cummings. Thank you very much. Mr. Chrisman? Mr. Chrisman. Thank you. Madam Speaker, Mr. Chairman, Members of the Committee, thank you for this opportunity to be here today, and to testify as a representative of the State Governor's Office. As you all know, we have taken this incident very seriously, and I look forward to sharing some of our thoughts about this, about this tragedy. Back in 1990, the Office of Spill Prevention and Response, we call OSPR here in California, was created by State statute, within the Department of Fish and Game, which is part of the California Resources Agency, and as Agency Secretary I sit also as a member of the Governor's Cabinet. Joining me this morning behind me is John McCamman, the Acting Director of the Department of Fish and Game, and Greg Herner, Senior Advisor to the Director in the Department. OSPR operates both as a prevention and response organization, and is one of the few State agencies that, in the Nation, has both major pollution response authority and public trust authority for wildlife and habitat. In this role, OSPR has a number of responsibilities, and they are developing with others a detailed Area Contingency Plan to prepare for and respond to oil spills, conducting natural resource damage assessment of these pollution events, implementing the requirement that vessels provide certification of financial responsibility or insurance prior to entering State waters, responding, investigating and enforcing pollution violations and operating a spill dispatch function 24 hours a day, and finally, focusing on spill prevention, guiding responses, and operating the field across the State. Together, all of these add up to our Nation's most effective spill preparation and response agency. Part of these efforts, of course, are the plans, the contingency plans that you've heard referred to in previous testimony and comments. OSPR prepares and rates three types of contingency plans here in California for all spill incidents, and consider this requirement an essential function of its overall mission. Quickly, I won't go into them individually, but there are three of them. One is a Vessel Contingency Plan, developed by the shippers and reviewed by OSPR. Other is the Area Contingency Plan. You've heard that referred to in previous testimony prepared by OSPR, together with the Coast Guard. I have with me here on the table our Area Contingency Plan for this area. They, generally, contain important site information and response strategies for events like this. And, of course, the other contingency plan is the Oil Spill Response Organization Contingency Plans, that are developed and are part of every incident such as this. Collectively, each of these plans work together to ensure that appropriate measures can be carried out during a spill and reduce the impact to the environment and public health. You've heard a description of the incident itself. I won't go into that, the numbers of folks. Just know that OSPR was on the scene at the Coast Guard Station at Yerba Buena Island when the notification was made and immediately began to investigate the evidence of the spill. What has the Governor been doing? What have we in California been doing since the spill? Since the oil spill, the Governor has inspected the spill area on two separate occasions, has taken three very significant actions as a result of his authority. First, he declared a state of emergency in the City and County of San Francisco and six other counties directly affected by the spill. Secondly, he issued an Executive Order which closed recreational and commercial fisheries in the area impacted by the oil spill. And thirdly, he called for a comprehensive State investigation in the oil spill incident. The Governor's Executive Orders direct the Department of Fish and Game, in consultation with OSPR, to identify the area impacted by the spill in this area. Essentially, and when he closed the fisheries, this decision was not taken lightly, but was taken in an abundance of caution, recognizing the potential, and only potential, for public health at this time. It is likely that this action will have consequences to the fisheries and the fish businesses here in San Francisco and the Bay, and we have, and will continue to work with those businesses to be sure these impacts are minimized to the extent possible. As to the comprehensive State investigation, the Government has asked the Department of Fish and Game, OSPR, and the Governor's Office Emergency Service, to conduct a very aggressive coordinated investigation into the causes and responses of this oil spill. Although we must wait for the investigations to be completed, we do not believe it's too late to start looking forward in what else that we can do to take every step to assure that public safety, health and the environment are, indeed, safeguarded, and we also support the investigations, we've been participating in the investigations being conducted by our Federal partners. It's already been alluded to in some of the previous testimony here today, but before I close let me also join some of my colleagues here in expressing our thanks to the residents here in the Bay area and elsewhere, who have contacted us to volunteer. The response has been absolutely extraordinary. The Governor requested that the California volunteers help coordinate the volunteer response, and certainly we have not been able to utilize everyone who wants to volunteer. It's critical that we, indeed, operate in a manner that we can protect the public health and safety of volunteers, and that means not placing them in a hazardous situation, especially, without appropriate training. This is only a summary, we've got a big job ahead of us, and we look forward to working with all of you, Members of Congress, and our Federal partners, to get to the bottom of this, and deal with it in a proactive sort of way. Mr. Chairman, Madam Speaker, thank you very much for this opportunity. Mr. Cummings. Thank you very much. I want to thank all of you for being here this morning, and, Admiral, I want to start off with you. We're going to each have five minutes, and we are going to adhere to those five minutes very strictly, by the way. Admiral Bone, at 9:25 a.m., a small boat from the station in San Francisco followed an oil slick reported to be three feet wide to Anchor 7, where the vessel was located. A slick three feet wide from the point of the allision of the COSCO BUSAN with the Bay Bridge to Anchor 7 would indicate, even to the untrained eye, that a substantial amount of oil had likely been released from the ship, yet it was not until 4:49 p.m., that the Office of Oil Spill Prevention reported 58,000 gallons had been released. How do you explain for us, because I think this is so crucial, this long delay in understanding that there was a significant amount of oil in the water. Admiral Bone. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. First off, we don't respond to a reported amount. That's a reported amount of oil in the water, that is not what you respond to. And, I'd offer that actually if you look at the handouts that we actually provided, you'll see the response equipment against what the standards actually are, you'll see that the response that actually went on scene far exceeded, ten-fold exceeded. So, we respond to what the potential is. This ship, potentially, carried 1.8 million gallons of fuel oil. The response was not based on 145 or the ten barrels that we received later on. Mr. Cummings. How much did it carry? Admiral Bone. It carries 1.8 million gallons on the ship, sir. Mr. Cummings. Okay. Admiral Bone. So, what we had was what's reported to us, in this case by someone on the vessel. We had another report of ten barrels reported. We sent a team on, while one team goes on immediately to ascertain the bridge first, then they go down to the vessel with an investigator on board, within an hour we are on scene and on board the ship, and we are trying to find out how much has been spilled in the water. Meanwhile, the response is already underway, NRC, MSRC, are already mobilizing to move their equipment and mobilize it to put it on the water. Our boats, our small boats are operating on the water assessing the debris in the water, for those vessels that will be coming down, whether or not there's containers in the water, you lose containers overboard in heavy seas. We had no idea. We were in fog that's 300 feet that you could only see as you are out in this environment with an oil run. Our folks knew, and, actually, knew there was going to be more, they didn't know how much more, but everyone on scene, everybody, and I'm talking about all the emergency responders throughout this, got focused on the response, and they knew the more they saw, the more they had to deal with this. And, I actually believe that what took place was, you are in a very hazardous environment, you start to get focused on people safety and getting this oil. The idea that somebody would intentionally, who dedicates their lives to, basically, protecting the public, and responding and going in harm's way, would try to keep information from somebody that they know is of value to them, sir, it just wasn't there. It was a mistake in the communications, but the response was absolutely fabulous. I'm talking about the on-site response. There was miscommunication, we acknowledge that. There's miscommunication, I think, that could be shared across the board by all of us involved in this response. Mr. Cummings. Well, let me tell you what concerns me, Admiral, and I heard what the Mayor said about you, and he was very complimentary. But, what concerns me is that, I don't want this to happen again, and from all I've read, and all I've seen so far, it seems as if it could. Would you agree? Admiral Bone. Well, if somebody doesn't communicate, I guess what I'm passing on to you, sir, is, this, I believe, is unique in the sense that because of visibility, and people got tunnel vision, for whatever reason, I'm talking about all responders, there's people with lots of experience that went on this, Federal, State, local folks that actually saw what they saw. The idea of communication of that amount, people got focused, they thought when they got that team aboard they could find out very quickly, and normally you would, but the ship's side shell got smashed in, and so those sounding tubes that you normally would get a very quick reading from were not available. So then, they had figured on board, people are waiting, expecting to hear back from the ship, from the investigator on board what the amount would be. Mr. Cummings. Well, let me ask you this. You admitted that the Coast Guard was slow to realize the amount of oil spill released into the San Francisco Bay, but a November 14th press release stated that 12,745 gallons of oil has been collected. Is that right? And, that an additional estimated 4,060 gallons of oil had evaporated. How is it that you can measure so precisely the amounts of oil collected and evaporated, but it took more than 12 hours for you to estimate that 58,000 gallons of oil had been released? It's just, you know, it just doesn't make sense to me. Admiral Bone. Mr. Chairman, again---- Mr. Cummings. And then, you understand why I'm asking these questions. Admiral Bone. Sure. Mr. Cummings. It goes to credibility, too, and people are relying on our thin blue line, and, fortunately, we deal together, work together on a daily basis, but I want to make sure that we are doing, all of our agencies are doing what they are supposed to do, particularly, the Coast Guard. Admiral Bone. Mr. Chairman, let me just tell you, when we saw two tanks corrupted, we knew it was at least 500,000 gallons, I'm just saying anybody with experience knows that's at least 500,000 gallons. But, you don't want to go out and tell people that it's 500,000, that's what you could see. Now below, you had to stick the other tanks, make sure you don't have water in those other tanks. Mr. Cummings. Wait a minute, you didn't tell me, you said you don't want to tell people? Admiral Bone. No, I'm saying---- Mr. Cummings. You heard what the Mayor said, he wants to know. He wants to know what's going on. Admiral Bone. What I'm trying to do, people were trying to get an assessment of how much. They knew they were responding to it. They were trying to find out how much was there, so that they could accurately inform. I'm not going to make an excuse for not telling the Mayor and the citizens that they didn't get an amount to say this have could put people in harm's way if they went down to the beaches. I'm not going to make that excuse to you, or any Member here. I do believe that should have been passed, but I'm only trying to explain to you what transpired in the minds of the people that collectively responded, the people that are serving this public every day, and will respond and go in harm's way tomorrow if called upon. Mr. Cummings. My last question to Ms. Hersman, before we move to Congressman Miller. Ms. Hersman, are you getting, the NTSB getting maximum cooperation from the Coast Guard, because your report is going to be very, very significant, to trying to prevent these kinds of things from happening again, and for helping us to figure out how this Congress can work to make sure that we use our power to do what we have to do. Ms. Hersman. Mr. Chairman, our investigators did have some initial trouble when we first arrived on scene, I think, with the hand off of the investigation. But, through conversations with Rear Admiral Bone, Admiral Allen and others, I think that that helped free up the flow of information. We now are, I think, getting very good cooperation from the Coast Guard, and we hope that continues through the course of our investigation. Mr. Cummings. Thank you very much. Congressman George Miller. Mr. Miller of California. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman, and thank you so much for coming out and joining us and having this hearing. Admiral Bone, the Vessel Traffic System, is it state of the art? Admiral Bone. Yes, it is. Mr. Miller of California. So that, the question of whether or not the right equipment was in place or not in place is not open to question? Admiral Bone. No, and let me explain why. Mr. Miller of California. I don't want a long explanation, if it's state of the art I'll take your word for it. Admiral Bone. It is. Mr. Miller of California. Okay. But, you point out that they are not masters, they are not captains, and so they are simply there as an advisory role. Admiral Bone. Yes, sir. Mr. Miller of California. Should that be changed? Admiral Bone. That's one of the things that I think that this--that Congress and we should all take a look at, for, particularly, high-risk, high-threat environments. Mr. Miller of California. Air traffic controllers are not pilots, but they tell pilots what to do in emergency situations, as I understand it. Admiral Bone. Yes, sir, and they also have flight plans that are listed out. Mr. Miller of California. The question of the spill, Dr. Conner testified that within two hours it was probably covering about four square miles. That's the problem you have when you have the tides of San Francisco Bay and oil on those waters. Which party is given the authority to contact the Oil Response Team? Admiral Bone. The owners of the vessel have the responsibility, and the master normally executes that on behalf of the owners, to contact the Responsible Party, it's right in their Vessel Response Plan. Mr. Miller of California. What happened in this case? Did the master or the pilot? Admiral Bone. I think both, actually, made contact separately, but the reality for this is, some of the responders actually responded before the qualified individual even called them. Mr. Miller of California. So, how did they do that? Admiral Bone. They heard about the incident. Mr. Miller of California. How did they hear about the incident? Admiral Bone. On the radio is my guess, but the reality is some of these people were actually mobilized before they got contacted. Mr. Miller of California. Which people? Admiral Bone. The National--NRC, National Response Corporation, was actually mobilized before---- Mr. Miller of California. In your testimony you state that the pilot at 9:18 called and told them and said that the leak had been secured, that there were ten barrels and the leak had been secured. Admiral Bone. The second pilot had actually passed that information. Mr. Miller of California. The second pilot. Admiral Bone. Not the first pilot. The second pilot came aboard, he received additional information that there was ten barrels and that it had been secured. Mr. Miller of California. There is, I don't want to say there's testimony, but there's information in the record to suggest that when the relief pilot came aboard that oil was still leaking from the ship in a rather considerable amount. Admiral Bone. I think you'd have to ask the pilots, but I've heard testimony---- Mr. Miller of California. Have you received any evidence-- -- Admiral Bone. --I can only---- Mr. Miller of California. --that that's so? Admiral Bone. --we have heard that, although I haven't spoken directly with him, I have heard that. I can--I know that by 9:25, when our boat got on scene, all you had was a trickle, basically, or a dribble, you know, coming down the side about an inch wide. Mr. Miller of California. By the time the Coast Guard boat got on the scene. Admiral Bone. Right, and---- Mr. Miller of California. But, the pilot boat was there prior to that. Admiral Bone. --and they said, and I think the pilots will be coming up, Pilots Association, and the people that actually saw the amount, but I don't think we are talking about a very large flow at that time. Mr. Miller of California. The Oil Response Corporation, that's located in the Inner Harbor of Richmond, is that correct? Admiral Bone. Actually, they are located at various locations around the whole Bay, so that they can respond within the time constraints throughout the whole Bay. Mr. Miller of California. So, they responded, they responded with what equipment and what time frame? Admiral Bone. Again, what I'd offer is, in here we've got a presentation that actually shows within the first six hours, but I know that there was two skimmers on scene within an hour of their initial notification. There was four skimmers on scene within two hours, and there was eight skimmers on scene within six hours, and this represents the six hours. What I note is, this is what the plan calls for, 2,500. The reasonable--that's for maximum---- Mr. Miller of California. I got that. Admiral Bone. Yes, sir. Mr. Miller of California. Is the plan adequate? Admiral Bone. I think that we need to take a look at the plan---- Mr. Miller of California. Two hours, according to NOAA, and the trajectory model, and I remember when we put this trajectory model, we were so proud of it when it was brought to the Bay years ago, is this plan now adequate, two skimmers in four square miles? Admiral Bone. Sir, I will tell you that there's a national standard that's put in place, if we are going to revisit the national standard, and say we want more cleaned up than that within a certain amount of time, but within an hour, I'm just trying to be reasonable, our rescue, for search and rescue, we have to get underway within 30 minutes. Mr. Miller of California. I understand, but in this particular situation, the Bay was, essentially, calm, was it not, I mean, it was foggy so there couldn't have been a lot of wind. Admiral Bone. Well, the currents is what the issue is. Mr. Miller of California. No, I understand that, I understand that, but so we weren't cleaning this up in treacherous water, so to speak. Admiral Bone. Well, other than---- Mr. Miller of California. The question is, again, when you look at the trajectory model, it redefines San Francisco Bay, because it immediately, you know, it went out to the Golden Gate and went up and down the coast. the question is whether or not the response that is in place is adequate or not. Admiral Bone. Again, I think we need to look at, we need to look at what the plan calls for, we need to look at what the expectations are, and decide on a Federal standard. I'm not going to make a judgment on that, sir. I can tell you that 27 percent, almost 27 percent of this oil was picked up, and on average we get between 5 and 20, and that, not in conditions in fog, not in an open estuary like this where it flows through, you don't normally get 20 percent. So, if you are going to go to this high end, I'm just going to say on every spill that's something for, I think---- Mr. Miller of California. So, 20 percent is the high end. Admiral Bone. --if you ask the science folks, they'll tell you what it is. Mr. Miller of California. No, I understand, I mean---- Admiral Bone. I've been on spills, Congressman, where 38,000 gallons have been released from a vessel, and zero has been recovered. Mr. Miller of California. Yes, well, we---- Admiral Bone. I'm just trying to give you---- Mr. Miller of California. I understand. Admiral Bone. --some perspective. Mr. Miller of California. I understand. The perspective is in the Bay and this accident at this moment. Admiral Bone. I know, no one---- Mr. Miller of California. That's the perspective. Admiral Bone. Yes, sir. Mr. Miller of California. In the long run, we'll all be dead, but in the short term it's about the pollution of the Bay. Let me just, if I might, and I don't know who at the table is responsible for this, but there's been discussions of personnel in the clean-up of this oil spill, with the corporation and response teams, the suggestion that there's been retaliation if they speak out on this, and I just hope that somebody will convey to the Response Corporation that they are interfering with the Federal investigation, and that's a violation of Federal law, because that testimony, whatever it is, I don't want to prejudge it, needs to be preserved and needs to be preserved in the right form. So, I hope that whether it's you, or whether it's the Justice Department, or the Safety Board, the people understand that, that this is a full-blown Federal investigation. Thank you. Mr. Cummings. Thank you very much, Mr. Miller. Let me just emphasize what Congressman Miller just said, and we've said this in this Subcommittee before, Admiral, that we will not stand for any type of retaliation of anybody, for coming and cooperating with this Congress or Federal agencies. I want to be real, real clear on that. You've heard me say that many times. Admiral Bone. And, Mr. Chairman, I can tell you that the Coast Guard, to my knowledge, has not told anyone to not say anything. Mr. Cummings. Or anybody else. Admiral Bone. I mean, just because you directed it to me. Mr. Cummings. All right, I just want to make that very clear. We'll now move on to Ms. Tauscher, and again, I want to publicly thank you for all your help in making all of this happen. Thank you. Ms. Tauscher. Ms. Tauscher. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman, and it all goes to the Speaker's leadership to make sure that we could all be here today. Admiral Bone, I want to follow up on a question that Chairman Miller asked about the VTS system. I understand that other VTS centers in the country, specifically, Houston and New Orleans, have an upgraded system, a new software and new monitors that we don't have here in the Bay area. Is that because of resources, or because we are in a chain of getting new equipment that we haven't got yet? What exactly is that? And, would it be characterized that we don't have a state-of- the-art system right now? Admiral Bone. Thank you, Congresswoman. First, what was being done was, there was an older VTS, the VTS system that was in place, they created this new system that Lockheed Martin had put in place, that was an improved system, technical system. Northrup-Grumman produced the first VPS system. When they saw that---- Ms. Tauscher. Is that the 1995 software? Admiral Bone. --these are the earlier ones. When Northrup- Grumman found out that Lockheed Martin was going to get all the money for the new systems, they said, they contacted our C2 center and said, hey, we can provide that same capacity at a cheaper price. So, we are going to give you the same technology, you are just going to get a different view, but the same technology is being provided. You won't have to retrain your people on this new system, because they are already trained on this system. And so, you have equivalent technology on both systems, and equivalent capacity and abilities on both systems. One just happens to be provided by one company, and another by another. That's the case. Ms. Tauscher. All right. I'd like to go to this issue of the bunker fuel, because, apparently, this is pretty nasty stuff, and what's clear to me is that we need a lot more information about ships coming into our Bay that are going to be burning this kind of fuel, and, especially, if they don't have double hulls. As many people know, the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships requires double hulls on bunker tanks fuel, starting in August of 2010. Clearly, that doesn't help us right now. My questions are, should we amend that requirement to say that older ships should be retrofitted? And, we are all aware of the financial requirements to do that, and how prohibitive that may be, but it seems to me that we need to know a lot more about the kind of fuel that these ships coming into our Bay are burning, that it's one thing to be coming in with a lighter load, but when you are going out, and you are fully--well, your tanks are full, it seems to me that the requirements of us knowing that, number one, you are burning bunker fuel, number two, you don't have a double hulled fuel tank, number three, we've got to know where you are, because you are insidious if you have a spill, as opposed to just being bad and damaging. Can you kind of illuminate us as to what you think the most safe way for us to get that information, and should we have it before these ships are in the harbor? Admiral Bone. First, I just want to make sure you are aware that it isn't that they are all actually required to have double hulls under the new standard, there's actually an alternative flow outflow that could be done by a ship owner. So, that's not lock solid that everybody would have to go to double hulls. Ms. Tauscher. Okay. Admiral Bone. I'm not a person that could say this is exactly what we should have with regard to double hulls. I actually think our emphasis and effort has to be placed on preventing the incident, not allowing things to hit things. Steel hitting concrete will lose every time, and that's what took place here. And so, we can't let -- we can't afford--rocks will win over steel every time, too, and you can't control the sea state once a ship goes aground, it will work on it until it breaks it up. So, we have to find a way to prevent these accidents from happening. We have to establish whatever control mechanisms and management, and we have to make sure we have the very best people operating them. If we are going to bring in, we are bringing in ships now that can carry fuel as large as tankers back in the '70s, when most of these plans were first thought up. So, times have changed, we do need to look at this. We have to make adjustments in our safety system, and I look forward to working with Congress to do that. Ms. Tauscher. Well, Admiral, let me clarify this. Are you saying that because a ship is burning bunker fuel it shouldn't be treated differently? Isn't bunker fuel the worst case scenario? Admiral Bone. No, actually, there's other fuels that may have, or other cargos, and I'm not sure about bunker fuel, but there's other types of cargos of fuels that may actually be worse. I mean, some people suggest gasoline or diesel, reality there is if you have a spill you have a huge flammable environment as well, and you have a very big safety standard if they hit something. Ms. Tauscher. Would you have acted differently if you had known that the COSCO BUSAN was burning bunker fuel? Admiral Bone. No. Ms. Tauscher. Is that information valuable to you when you are attempting to deal with this kind of accident?x Admiral Bone. Yes, it is, because if the specific gravity is greater than one it's likely to sink, or be suspended at least. Fortunately, when we tested this it was .93 to .95, both from warmer temperatures to colder temperatures, so we had a higher -- we had higher assurance that it was going to be on the surface more than sinking when we were doing the initial response, and that's what really drove us to get out there early before it gets into the water column. Ms. Tauscher. For all of the ships that are in our Bay, and going over to Oakland, do you have information all the time as to what kind of fuel that they are carrying? Admiral Bone. I wouldn't say the specific fuel, but I would expect it's bunker, some type of bunker fuel that they operating on. It's usually the degree of sulfur that most people are talking about, and that has more to do with air emissions than the real fuel-specific gravity. Ms. Tauscher. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Cummings. Thank you very much. Let me just ask you this quick question. Was there a senior investigating officer assigned to this? Admiral Bone. Yes, there was. Mr. Cummings. And, who was that? Admiral Bone. It's the senior investigating officer on -- over all this is Captain Ross Wheatley, who has been assisting with the NTSB and been sitting in their investigation. Mr. Cummings. I'm just curious about that, I'll come back to that. Mr. Lantos, Congressman Lantos. Mr. Lantos. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Ms. Hersman, representing the National Transportation Safety Board, you very properly say that it will take you a year to draw some conclusions. But, to the naked eye it seems that what we are witnessing is a cascading cavalcade of preventable mistakes. There is zero surprise in this whole tragedy. There is a ship, there is a bridge, there is some fog. And, I find it incomprehensible that in the post 9/11 climate we should be sitting here as if this would be a new phenomenon. There is not one iota of surprise or new development in all that I have listened to and all that I have read about. Every single one of the items would have been projected, forecast and prevented. The thing which is so disturbing to those of us who live here, and who feel a responsibility for this area, that all the agencies are really side stepping their responsibility. There are events which are surprise events. Some of these events are acts of nature, like the nightmare which is unfolding in Bangladesh as we are sitting here today. Some of these are terrorist acts. This was a routine movement of a ship in a well-controlled area. And, here we are facing an unspeakable tragedy and disaster. I would like to ask you, Ms. Hersman, and then the Admiral if he's willing, what is your explanation to the fact that a totally preventable, several mistakes, has given us this cavalcade of calamities. Ms. Hersman. Unfortunately, the Safety Board is in the business of investigating accidents. There are always a chain of events that could have been prevented, and that's why the Congress created us, so that we can make recommendations so they don't happen again. We are looking at the man, the machine and the environment, as we do in every situation, to make recommendations so that either equipment can be improved, training, or checklists, or response can be improved, or if there are any anomalies with the equipment or the vessel, that those would be addressed. You are right, it could be, it could be prevented. Mr. Lantos. It should have been prevented. Let me just take one small corner of this, linguistic competence. Are you satisfied, is the National Transportation Safety Board satisfied, that all the relevant crew members are qualified to function in English when they enter San Francisco Bay? Ms. Hersman. That will be part of our investigation. We have-- Mr. Lantos. But, it's not a new phenomenon. Ms. Hersman. --not been able, we have not yet been able to interview the crew members. Mr. Lantos. But, do you think that the existing regulations and requirements are adequate with respect to linguistic competence? Ms. Hersman. There are requirements that exist, that there be a language, a common language, aboard the vessel for safety purposes. We will be looking to see if that existed in this situation. Mr. Lantos. Do you think that the existing linguistic requirement is adequate, because there are plenty of reports concerning this episode that there was confusion in communications. In your own testimony, you said all of the conversation was in Chinese, and this will have to be translated. Ms. Hersman. The Safety Board has looked at this issue in the past, and I know Members have raised the issue in aviation. Marine is no different, there are going to be interactions from crews from all around the world, whether they are airplane crews or marine crews. It's not unusual to have people come in to a port or an airport that don't speak that language. But, what is important is that people who are communicating about safety essential functions can communicate with each other and be understood. In the past, the Board has made recommendations with respect to communications and language issues, common phraseology in the aviation arena. If there are issues here, we will look at those as well. Admiral Bone. I really would never have expected this event to occur, because of the spans, and how wide they are, and the fact that this is one of the few ports that I've been to in the Bay area where you have deep water across the entire Bay. I can't begin to tell you how or why this should have ever occurred. There's absolutely no basis in my mind's eye for this to have ever occurred. Something on board that ship had to go terribly wrong. I'm talking amongst people that have been deemed competent to carry out their mission, both by the State and by an international body. I cannot stress that enough, I don't---- Mr. Lantos. So, you agree with me that it was totally preventable. Admiral Bone. --it was totally preventable, totally. Mr. Lantos. Yet, it happened. Admiral Bone. Yes. Mr. Lantos. Is there any of the explanation in the regulations concerning fog? I mean, we have fog here all the time. Admiral Bone. Yes, there are regulations, in fact, in the Inland Rules regarding steering and speed, with regard to fog, and there's caution that's, basically, placed within it, to both masters and pilots, as they navigate vessels. Yes, visibility is included. Mr. Lantos. And, the regulations are adequate as far as you are concerned? Admiral Bone. If they had been followed, and they had carried out their responsibilities promptly, we wouldn't be where we are today, sitting right here. Mr. Lantos. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Cummings. Admiral Bone, let me thank you very much. Admiral Bone, I must follow up on something that--an answer that you just gave Mr. Lantos. You said something, and I don't want to take the words out of your mouth, but something awfully wrong went on on that boat. Is that what you said? Admiral Bone. Yes, well, I said something tragic must have taken place on board the ship, on board for people that have experience, that are there, for this event to have occurred. That's my opinion. Mr. Cummings. Well, you know, when I heard you say that, I couldn't help but think about the question of how do you explain the failure of the Coast Guard personnel to ensure that the drug and alcohol tests were completed in the time period required by your regulations, and why wasn't the ship's captain, who was directly involved in this incident, tested within the required period, instead of days after the incident? You caused me to think about that, because I'm thinking about what can go wrong. Admiral Bone. Yes, sir. Mr. Cummings. And, you just threw that one right at me. Admiral Bone. Well, Mr. Chairman, I just want to, I'm not trying to throw anything back, but I want to make sure it's understood that the master, and the crew, and the pilot, were all tested for alcohol within the time constraints. The master and the pilot were also tested within the time constraints for drugs, and all proved negative, for both alcohol, 0.0, also for drugs. The remaining crew that's in the navigation portion of the crew are the people, not the master, not the pilot, both of those were tested within the time constraints, the additional people in the crew, which by the way is not the responsibility of the Coast Guard to ensure its tested, it's the responsibility of the employer, which in this case is the owner, to ensure they are tested by law. The Coast Guard is not the one who goes out and administers this test, Mr. Chairman. We discovered that they didn't test the five additional crew. We caught it, we caught them, we made them get them tested. We received those results, and those, too, are negative. Mr. Cummings. Okay, who is the owner? Admiral Bone. Regal Stone. Mr. Cummings. All right. I'm just going to briefly go to Mr. Miller for one question. Very well. Mr. Miller of California. No, I'm just, in one of the documents it suggested at one point that this ship was moving parallel to the bridge. That would be something terribly wrong, if it's going to---- Admiral Bone. Actually, Congressman, because of the way you come out from that particular area---- Mr. Miller of California. Right. Admiral Bone. --you will run parallel, and sometimes you will dip south in order to set yourself up---- Mr. Miller of California. Right, when you are coming out of the Inner Harbor. Admiral Bone. --for that bridge, so you maybe come out, and then normally you may set yourself south, and then make your approach, or you could come parallel and turn in. Again, this span is twice the length of that---- Mr. Miller of California. No, I understand, so you are saying it was parallel at the time it came out of the Inner Harbor of Oakland, and was moving toward the opening. Admiral Bone. Well, I'm not going to put anymore words, NTSB has the investigation. What I wanted to make clear, though, Congressman, is this vessel was not in imminent danger when that VTS operator called in. This vessel was not running into the bridge abutment. That's what everybody thinks from the information that's been passed out, it's false, and it's almost an indictment on the individual, who actually tried, you know, who made a notification. And, let me explain why they called them and asked them that, if I could. The reason they are calling and asking their intentions is because they are going--they are telling them where they are going to pass. Well, there's a lot of other vessels in the system, and one of the main reasons for that Vessel Traffic System is to let them know, hey, this vessel is going to be coming through this span, so if you are coming don't go through that same span, choose the other span, or choose one of these others, so that they can anticipate, because these ships are large masses that will move, and stopping them, it isn't like on a car where you can just stop them, it takes sometimes almost a mile to stop a ship, depending on, in this case it was 1.3 miles from where it hit, and it something to the anchorage area, Anchorage 7. Mr. Cummings. Ms. Lofgren. Ms. Lofgren. The concern I have about this is very strong. You know, I was born and raised in the San Francisco Bay area, and to explain how we feel about the Bay, those of us who have lived here all our lives, I really can't. I remember as a young staffer for my predecessor, Congressman Don Edwards, working for almost ten years to help establish what is now called the Don Edwards Wildlife Refuge, and then again in local government, serving on the Bay Conservation and Development Commission with our colleague, Anna Eshoo, who was not able to be here today, drilling the plans that we would have if there were ever an incident such as this over and over again, and now serving on the House Homeland Security Committee, the Border and Port Security Subcommittee. And, I'll just say, my constituents are not impressed with what happened here, number one, they don't understand how an accident like this could be allowed to happen. I mean, as Mr. Lantos has said, fog is routine, it's not an out of the ordinary. So, it's prevention, but it's also response. And, we are not impressed by the response. I mean, I've heard that from my constituents from beginning to end, and so I don't want to just complain, I want to see how can we do this better. How can we make sure if something like this happens again, we do a better job? And, I was struck, Dr. Conner, by your testimony on what you were told about how many gallons had been released on November 7th, 420 gallons, and you did your mapping, and from all I can tell you performed appropriately under the plans as we had hoped, except that the amount that you were given was not correct. Would your response have been different had the actual magnitude been told to NOAA at 10:00 a.m.? Mr. Conner. Thank you for asking that question, it's a really interesting one, and, basically, the answer is no, it wouldn't have changed. The way the model works is that, basically, you throw a bunch of oil parcels into the Bay, and then move them around according to the currents and such, and the number of parcels doesn't change with the volume of the water, I'm sorry, the volume of the oil in the model, it's just that the amount of oil associated with each parcel changes. So, the answer is no, in regard to the modeling. There wouldn't have been any significant difference. Secondly, with regard to our response, we, basically, are very experienced. We get about 100 to 120 calls a year on spills like this. And, it is very normal for the early reports of the estimated volume to jump around until they finally settle out one or two days later. So, basically, when we get a notification of a release into a critical and dynamic habitat like San Francisco Bay, we are full-bore responding, until we know for sure that it was a small release. Our SSC was at a Regional Response Team meeting at the time of the spill in Las Vegas, and he was notified by cell phone, and immediately did his notifications and came back to San Francisco and reported to the Incident Command by dinnertime that evening. And, we also stood up our Home Team in Seattle, and started our modeling, our weather forecasting, and our toxicity assessments, and so we were full-bore responding. Ms. Lofgren. Let me ask you this. One of the other comments I've heard from people in the Bay area, and maybe it's because the Committee I serve on is, you know, what if this had been some other kind of incident, not an oil spill, bad as that is, but a homeland security type of event. People didn't feel that the response was that on point. Are you satisfied with the interagency response to this event, Dr. Conner? Mr. Conner. I think the safe answer to that is, we'll wait and see what the Coast Guard's investigation shows. We are going to participate in that investigation by providing a Scientific Support Coordinator from another region, who was not involved in this response. And, Admiral Allen has promised to have some kind of an initial reading within 90 days. But, I have not seen anything, or seen anything reported, that would cause me to have concerns about the interagency coordination of the response. Ms. Lofgren. Let me just ask a final question, as my time is almost through. A year ago, there was a large exercise, a major field exercise, according to your testimony, of the NOAA Safe Seas 2006, and part of that was to train volunteers to respond. One of the complaints I have received, and I'm sure my colleagues have, is that people who were trained, who wanted to come, and this is the Bay area, people volunteer, people care about their environment, they came to help, I understand if people weren't trained that's one thing, but people that were trained were not utilized. And, in your judgment, did that exercise yield the kind of effort that you wanted? I mean, the people we trained couldn't be used. Mr. Conner. Yes, I think the exercise was effective in raising the capability of volunteers to contribute to a response. It's really difficult, the first day of the response, setting up the Unified Command, developing the first Incident Action Plan for the subsequent day. I'm going to go out on a limb here and assume that getting volunteers involved is something that the Command tried to do in day two and day three. So, the volunteers may have been frustrated that they couldn't be---- Ms. Lofgren. Well, they were, I'll tell you that. Mr. Conner. --involved. Yes, ma'am, they couldn't become involved more quickly, but---- Ms. Lofgren. I'd just like to ask you to think about this, if we've trained people, I know the City had trained people as well, shouldn't we, in advance, do some identification system, have that as part of our play. So, if there are people who are trained and they want to be there hour two, we are able to utilize them if we know and can certify that we've already trained them, instead of this situation, which was just infuriating to people. Mr. Conner. Well, one of the things that I mentioned in my testimony was that the Beach Watch volunteers that are associated with the Marine Sanctuaries Program, and were part of the Safe Seas exercise, were actually used starting the morning of the second day. And, I think the Admiral wants to say something about some of the other volunteers, if you would allow that. Admiral Bone. Actually, all I was going to do is, that's what I was going to echo, that that training in Safe Seas 2006 was dominantly to help identify spotters and people that could identify wildlife, so that people could get there more quickly, and actually assist better with the clean-up, and move the skimmers who are response people, and that was, in fact, exercised. We didn't, I don't think anybody anticipated, again, that people were going to want, that civilians were going to come in droves to actually handle hazardous material and clean it off the beaches. It just hasn't happened. But again, we thank the community for doing it. It required us to adjust on the fly and get some training and put that together. You are right, it should be in the plan, we are committed to putting it in the plan, and it's something that the Mayor and I have already talked about. Ms. Lofgren. Mr. Chairman, my time has expired, but I'll just say, you could have asked any one of us and we would have told you that our constituents would want to help. Thank you. Mr. Cummings. Before we get to--thank you very much, Ms. Lofgren--before we get to Mr. McNerney, let me ask you this. You said something that was so critical just a moment ago. You said something had to happen on the ship, is that what you said? Admiral Bone. I believe, yes, sir. Mr. Cummings. And so, while you are cooperating with NTSB, and you've got Ms. Hersman sitting right next to you, what would you tell them they need to look at first? You must have some idea, you must have, if you've zeroed it down to that ship. I mean, what do you think happened? What do you think went wrong? Admiral Bone. Congressman, I think, I can't tell you all the things that went wrong. Mr. Cummings. But, I want you to tell---- Admiral Bone. Listen, I think, to be honest and fair to individuals, you know, the individuals on board the ship, to target one thing or another to be a causal factor, the causal or primary or secondary, like Ms. Hersman said, there's usually a chain of events, and there's a series of things that cause it to happen. And, having been a marine investigator, what may appear, just like it appeared to most people when they heard that the operator, you know, asked him if he still intended to go through, everybody jumped and thought, that vessel was targeting that pier and he should have warned him away, if I provide some other little bit of information everybody will jump on it and say, ah-ha, that's the causal factor. I think that, as NTSB develops the full set of situation circumstances on this we'll know it. We would have done, we would do the same thing, as part of our investigation we had completed preliminary investigation, when we passed, we weren't complete in our investigation, and our investigation is ongoing parallel with NTSB's, while we are supporting them. And, we'll come to the conclusions that we come to at the end of the day. I'm not going to suppose, in fairness to the individuals, I'm not going to do that, sir. Mr. Cummings. I just asked you to follow up on something that you said, okay? Admiral Bone. Yes, sir. Mr. Cummings. I understand. Ms. Hersman, just one quick comment. The NTSB investigations are so thorough, and so, I mean, because they are supposed to be, and you do a great job, but it takes a while, doesn't it? Ms. Hersman. Yes, sir, unfortunately, it takes a lot longer than everybody would like it to. Mr. Cummings. And, the average investigation takes about how long, I mean, if you just add a guess, year, two years? Ms. Hersman. I would say a year, yes, sir. Mr. Cummings. My concern is, I think going to some of the things that the Mayor said, we want to make sure that these things don't happen again, I mean, like next month. And so, I just, I'm hoping that we can, as a Congress, can try to find ways, and we know you--we want you to do your investigation, we want it to be thorough, but we've got to make sure that we do some things in the meantime, I'm just saying this to our panel, that we need to deal with. And, Admiral Bone, I want you to stay on for the next panel, stay around for the next panel. Will you do that? Admiral Bone. Yes. Mr. Cummings. All right. Mr. McNerney. Mr. McNerney. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I certainly want to commend you for your leadership on this issue, and the Speaker for helping to organize this this morning. Mr.Cummings, or Secretary Cummings, we met a few weeks ago proactively to discuss delta water usage in the valley. And, this morning we are meeting reactively to discuss action that happened a few weeks later in related waterways. Your agency is responsible for providing resources to deal with these sorts of issues. Do you believe that the State Resources Agency has sufficient resources for training and response in this sort of situation? Mr. Chrisman. Thank you for asking that question, a good question, and one of the early questions that, of course, we asked at the State level, do we really? And, quite frankly, at this stage of the game we think we do, but, quite frankly, what we are going to do through the investigation, through the joint investigation that we are going to do on this incident, we are going to ask those very, very tough questions. We are going to be very hard on ourselves, as a part of this overall investigation, we will have an answer for that. But, insofar as available resources to respond pursuant to State statute, in concert with our Coast Guard partners and others, yes, we did. Mr. McNerney. Well, in that case, let's go ahead and make sure that that's a public process. Mr. Chrisman. Absolutely, sir. Mr. McNerney. And, not behind some kind of closed doors. What specific recommendations do you have this morning regarding improvements in the system that we have right now, that failed us on November 7th? Mr. Chrisman. One, we just heard a conversation about that. Mr. McNerney. Especially in light of the Mayor's recommendations about the hulls and coordination. Mr. Chrisman. Absolutely. From where we sit, and we just heard a conversation about the volunteers, the unbelievable number of volunteers that we had here in the Bay area. It, essentially, was, obviously, gratifying, but we weren't prepared, quite frankly, for the large numbers that came. We need to take a close look at that. We need to assess that. We need to make sure that, you know, that we can utilize all them. All of the trained volunteers that we had, that had trained prior to this event, actually did respond, and were used. Mr. McNerney. So, you see that as your biggest weakness, managing volunteers? Mr. Chrisman. As I sit from where I sit in this stage of the game, we need to take a close look at that, we need to do a--we do a very good job of that here in California, in terms of involving stakeholders in our natural resources, management programs, and all that. It's a part of the way we operate. We just need to do a better job. Mr. McNerney. Well, speaking from the Fish and Wildlife perspective, how serious is the damage out there, and how long is it going to take for us to recover? Mr. Chrisman. We are just assessing that right now. As I indicated in my comments, the Governor, in an abundance of caution, closed the dungeness crab season, and, in fact, closed all fisheries in the affected areas laid out in the Executive Order. We are in the process now of testing herring, surf perch, dungeness crab, rock crab and mussels. They are being tested now, and what the Governor has asked us to do is to make sure to have those tests, those testings done, the results of that testing done, and then to work between our Office of Emergency Health Hazard Assessment, and our Department of Public Health, and the Department of Fish and Game, have those assessments done by December 1st, so we can, again, hopefully, there is no public health hazard, there has not been one, not been one at all identified up to this point in time, and we hope that that continues to be the case, and we can get these seasons open quickly. Mr. McNerney. Other than volunteers that are getting themselves out there without preparation. Mr. Chrisman. That's right. Mr. McNerney. A member of your office was on board when the 146 gallon estimate was given. Mr. Chrisman. Yes. Mr. McNerney. Does he or she agree with that, and if not, why didn't they make that information available? Mr. Chrisman. You know, Congressman, I don't know the answer to that. That, again, we are going to have to get to the bottom of that, in terms of our assessment. The person was on board, again, as you indicated and you heard in the testimony, quite a period of time between the time that that initial 140 gallons, I think it was 140 barrels, 140 whatever it was, was released, and then the final assessment of the total amount given the assessment that had to get done. So, I'm not sure that that person on board could at that point in time have been able to assess the total gallons that actually were leaked. But, those are those things---- Mr. McNerney. I mean, if you look overboard and you---- Mr. Chrisman. --that we are really going to take a look at. Mr. McNerney. --see a trail miles long, it's, obviously, more than 140 gallons. Mr. Chrisman. Well, again, as I said in my testimony, we had our people at the Incident Command, at the Coast Guard Center, and within 30 minutes our people were actually responding to the event, and were beginning to assess what was going on, and were beginning to deploy---- Mr. McNerney. Well, this gets back to the resource question. Mr. Chrisman. Exactly. Mr. McNerney. The people need training that are going to be taking those positions. Mr. Chrisman. That's right. Mr. McNerney. With that, I'll yield back. Mr. Cummings. Thank you very much, Mr. McNerney. Ms. Lee? All right, Mr. Miller. Mr. Miller of California. Admiral Bone, you suggested that 20 percent, this is really good, and I don't mean you passed judgment or value on that, but as oil spills go. Admiral Bone. As oil spills go, 20 percent is considered good. Between 5 and 20 is what you see in oil spills, and I can tell you that---- Mr. Miller of California. I think if most Members of Congress knew that we would probably recalibrate what we think the margin of prevention should be, because if you told your constituents 80 percent of the oil is going to just be out there in the environment. Admiral Bone. Congressman, just again, just as you heard Bill mention, within an hour it spanned four square miles, and then it moves with the tide, and it's like being in a washing machine here, it goes in, and it comes out. Even if you had everything right there, I'm just--oil moves. Mr. Miller of California. But, that goes to the question, we have a plan of disbursal of assets to clean up the oil that may not comport with the threat that exists today. Admiral Bone. Exactly. Mr. Miller of California. Because those decisions were made in 1990 and in those early years, and even earlier, after the Oregon and the Arizona ran into one another, and we haven't repositioned, apparently, we've run some exercises, but I don't know if that's changed or not, and I'll leave that open for the record. But, if you look at the NOAA charts here, in hour one you had a fair shot at doing something with the concentration, and hour two you had a fair shot of doing something with the concentration, and probably even in hour six, given that there was calm seas, that there were calm seas. But, when the tide changed, the game was all over, in terms of picking up any volume of oil. Admiral Bone. I'd say, sir, within the first ten hours is really all you are going to have to get the volume of oil, because once it went to darkness you can't see oil in the water. Mr. Miller of California. No, I understand. Admiral Bone. So, you really only had ten hours to get what you are going to get. Mr. Miller of California. But again, I think this raises the question, if the threshold now is that in San Francisco Bay we have an oil spill that we can expect under today's conditions, and technology, and what we are doing with it, that about 80 percent will probably remain in the environment. Admiral Bone. Yes. Mr. Miller of California. You get some--I mean, even evaporated. Admiral Bone. Yes, sir. I think, again, I think you are right---- Mr. Miller of California. That's just not going to work. That's just not going to work. Admiral Bone. --well, I know, but what I tell you is, and although I didn't even put it on here, the capacity, the maximum capacity required by law for a tanker is somewhere around 23,500 barrels per day capacity. I'm just talking about skimming capacity. So, if we said this was your largest tank ship that came in to here, they exceeded that almost three-fold in the actual response. What I was trying to tell Members was that, what they went out with was everything they had, very quickly, they brought more on, they were sending stuff up from Los Angeles area immediately on this spill, even though it was only reported what was reported. And, I was trying to explain to folks, they were responding to the worst case or a large case event, not to the most probable, all the things that are in the planning functions. I actually think that the performance by the contractor in this case far exceeded what our standard was, and that's why when people said we aren't driving them hard enough, you had a Government Federal on-scene coordinator, along with a State on- scene coordinator, and if they weren't doing their job, we would take it over and we would direct the operation. Mr. Miller of California. But, again, looking at the NOAA data, Dr. Conner, you are welcome to join in here, but when I was at the Exxon Valdez, you know, we were skimming for months. We were just engaged in public relations, that game was over, you know, within a day or so, given the body of water there. And, the same thing is going on here, we can keep talking about how many skimmers we were applying after hour six, seven and eight, that's interesting, but they are not picking up much. Admiral Bone. Right. Mr. Miller of California. But, they look good out there. Admiral Bone. Well, they are getting, they are doing what they can to keep the rest of the water, I mean---- Mr. Miller of California. Yes, I understand. Admiral Bone. Yes, sir, there was another 8,000, if you look at it, I mean, there was, in fact, the first day there was 8,000, the fact that you had another 8,000 that didn't get into the wildlife areas, didn't, you know, injure more birds and mammals, I think was still worthwhile pursuing. Mr. Miller of California. I'd just like to raise one other point, and I'm sorry to use your time. Admiral Bone. Yes, sir. Mr. Miller of California. Mr. Lantos made a very specific point, we've known for many, many years where the Bay Bridge is. We have another hazard sitting there in the Bay rocks, and everybody knows where they are. Admiral Bone. Yes. Mr. Miller of California. But, they could rip the bottom out of any one of these ships at any given time, given the deviation that took place here in margins of safety, you are talking about 2,000 feet. I just want to raise that, because we don't have time to go into it. My colleagues have questions. Admiral Bone. I wouldn't argue that. Mr. Miller of California. Thank you. Mr. Cummings. Thank you very much, Mr. Miller. Let me just ask you this one last thing, and then we'll yield to the Speaker. And, this is something that has concerned me and you know this. You know, in the recent reorganization of the Coast Guard, the Service established sectors, is that right? Admiral Bone. Yes. Mr. Cummings. Which merged entities previously known as groups that were primarily responsible for Search and Rescue and Marine Safety Offices, which were primarily responsible for vessel inspection and compliance, environmental protection, and response to environmental situations. Marine Safety Offices included a Port Operations Department that specialized in pollution response. This specialty no longer exists as a specialty within the newly created sectors. I've said it before, and I'll say it again. I think post 9/ 11 what we did was, we stretched the responsibilities of the Coast Guard, and I'm wondering do you believe that we now--and while we stretched the responsibilities we didn't necessarily bring along the expertise, didn't necessarily bring along the finances that were necessary to take on all those responsibilities. Do you think the Coast Guard has what it needs to do this kind of work? Admiral Bone. Let me first answer your question, I mean, respond to your statement about we no longer have the expertise. The reality is, we do have the expertise, we demonstrated it. We brought together people that did search and rescue, along with people who do oil spill response, collectively. Just like this case, you have a safety incident, at the same time you have a pollution incident. The pollution responder had seven years experience that came on scene. The marine inspector who went on scene to assess the damage had 17 years marine safety experience. The petty officers that were assisting had three years experience, another one seven years experience in marine safety. We have the expertise, sir. And, in fact, you know, post 9/11 the assets that Congress gave us, the MSST boats, that's how we got, we had two MSST boats, one of them actually brought the marine inspectors and the investigation team over. The other one went and immediately started looking at, where's the oil, to help find out. We didn't have those before. I used--I'm a marine safety guy, I'm a prevention guy, and I do response. The reality is, years ago when it was a group and an MSO, if I called up and I said, I need a boat to go do an oil spill response, they'd say, wait a minute, this is a SAR boat. We don't do that. In today's environment, it's all under one head. You still have pollution response, and you have search and rescue, collectively. What you've done is, you've given synergy, this Congress has provided us more resources to actually make sure that we can go and respond to all threats, all hazards. The issue of marine safety that you are actually talking about is a capacity issue. What we did was, during this time frame, of this build up of security, we received more assets for the security portion of that job. At the same time, the industry grew almost 100 percent, the marine industry, and what we didn't do was keep pace with the resource base so that we could provide the services that the marine industry had come to expect, meaning within the time frames and within the level that they expect. The expertise, I'll just give another example. Mr. Cummings. Okay, I got that, we are running out of time. Admiral Bone. Yes, sir. Mr. Cummings. I guess I--you've been excellent in explaining to me all of the wonderful, the expertise we have. Then, what do we need to do? Just tell us that. Admiral Bone. You need, just exactly what the Commandant has provided you sir, we need the additional resources in marine safety, not that we don't have technical capacity, we need the additional resources within that so we can grow it to provide the services commensurate with the growth in the marine industry, especially, following Katrina, where the towing industry and the growth that the Gulf has seen is huge. The Port of Los Angeles Long Beach has almost doubled, but we haven't provided the number of marine inspectors, the number of marine investigators, to actually carry out that function with the service delivery that actually industry needs for efficient and safe operation. Mr. Cummings. So, in the meantime, we have a problem then. Admiral Bone. Well, what we have is an industry that's unhappy because they are not--they are getting delays. We aren't going to let the ship in until it's safe, but now we are telling them, wait offshore until we can get someone there. Mr. Cummings. Right. You are going to be on for the next panel. Admiral Bone. Sure. Mr. Cummings. Madam Speaker. Speaker Pelosi. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I had not intended to speak again, just to take in the established facts that you are allowing us to do today, but I can't resist having heard the presentation of this panel. First I want to thank them for their presentation, and I thank you, Mr. Chairman, for giving us this opportunity to establish the fact, to recognize the needs, to see how this happened and how it can never happen again. At the opening of our hearing, the Mayor put forth some questions on the table that I had hoped would be asked by this panel. It's about time, time makes a difference in the response, as the Chairman, Chairman of his Education and Labor Committee, our distinguished Chairman, showed you, the time made all the difference in the world in the response. I still haven't heard anything from this panel that responds to the challenges put forth, or the questions put forth, by the Mayor of San Francisco and, therefore, the people of San Francisco. I'm very pleased that the official family, Aran Peskin was here earlier, so many members of the official family are here, speaking eloquently to the concerns that we have, because it happened right here. But, it spread to all of the districts that you see here, and again, this is a national resource. Admiral Bone, you know the respect that I have for the Coast Guard, we've been together on a number of occasions here in the Bay area, and I take great pride in commissioning the Pike and display that memorabilia in my office with great pride. And so, I am more willing to give the Coast Guard the benefit of every doubt in this. When the Commandant, Admiral Allen, called my office on Friday, a couple days after the spill, and told me that he was doing an investigation of how this happened, I said, Admiral, with all due respect, your credibility is greatly diminished in this, you cannot do a credible investigation of yourself, when so many of the questions that are arising from this are why didn't the people of this Bay area know, when that spill presented a health hazard to people who work there, recreate there, and the rest. So, I told him at the time that we would be calling for an independent investigation, and the NTSB, we've heard from Ms. Hersman, what I'm discouraged about, though, is that it will take a year, as Mr. Lantos indicated. that's just too long. It's just too long, especially, since this could happen again and nobody knows why anybody didn't call somebody and say this happened. It's ridiculous. So, I want you to know that in addition to what we are hearing here, I will be asking the Homeland Security Committee, which has jurisdiction in this matter as well, in the Appropriations Bill, Mr. Chairman, you and I have discussed this, to call for an Inspector General's investigation of how this happened as well. One way or another, sooner or later, and, hopefully, sooner, we will get to the bottom of this. Again, these Members up here have made this Bay a priority and their life's work, and their political careers as well. One of our former associates, Speaker Leo McCarthy, was instrumental when he was Speaker, he made this plan possible for the Bay, that we would protect it, and it just seemed to have--accidents do happen, we want to know why it was preventable, but the fact that all that time could go by, all that opportunity lost, is something that I don't understand, having listened for days and weeks now, and I think our--the people we represent deserve better answers than we are receiving. Again, I say that, as you know, with a special fondness for the Coast Guard, so it makes me sad. I was glad that Admiral Allen came out last week, a week ago, many of us who are gathered here walked the shore with him, to take a measure of what had happened in that week. We can do that every Monday, but the fact is, we need the answers, and we need them very, very soon. And so, before this panel was adjourned, I wanted you to know that with all due respect for all that you did present, this time gap is something that has had an impact, and we have to know why. Mr. Chairman, I want to thank you again for the attention you have paid to this, as soon as you knew what the gravity of the situation was, and I wish you had known that sooner. But, we didn't have that available to us. Thank you. Mr. Cummings. Thank you very much, Madam Speaker, and I think you can summarize what the Speaker just said by saying we can do better, we can do much better. The people of this great State and our country deserve it. We'll move on to our next panel, but thank you all very much for being with us. Admiral Bone, you can sit right where you are. Mr. Cummings. We'll now call up the next panel, panel three, Mr. David Lewis, the Executive Director of Save the Bay, Mr. Zeke Grader, Executive Director of Pacific Coast Federation of Fisherman's Associations, Captain Thomas Hand, Bar Pilot, San Francisco Bar Pilots Association. As I said a little bit earlier, we would hope that you would try to stay within your five-minute time period, and let me just make a suggestion that you are very fortunate to have Admiral Bone sitting right next to you. So, if there are some issues that you want to raise, this is the perfect time to do it, okay? Mr. David Lewis TESTIMONY OF DAVID LEWIS, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, SAVE THE BAY; ZEKE GRADER, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, PACIFIC COAST FEDERATION OF FISHERMAN'S ASSOCIATIONS; CAPTAIN THOMAS HAND, BAR PILOT, SAN FRANCISCO BAR PILOTS ASSOCIATION Mr. Lewis. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, Madam Speaker, and Members of Congress. I am David Lewis. I'm the Executive Director of Save the Bay, and I'm grateful for the opportunity to add my brief testimony here. I hope my full statement can be made a part of the record. Mr. Cummings. So ordered. Mr. Lewis. Save the Bay, and our 10,000 members, as many of you know, have been working for almost 50 years to protect and restore San Francisco Bay, and we are just one of many organizations of volunteers and professionals who have worked in the last ten days or so to respond to this crisis. I have to acknowledge to you that our initial response was frustration, because of the outpouring of support from people who wanted to help, and not much opportunity to direct them usefully to do that. That quickly became anger, as we saw the extent of the spill, and I have to say as a Bay area native, and in my current capacity, that really my overwhelming emotion is embarrassment at the level of preparation and its clear inadequacies, for what Congressman Lantos underscored as a clearly foreseeable accident. I want to say that you are asking all of the right questions about this incident, and its cause, and its impact. The answers are really crucial for improving collision and oil spill prevention, and improving integrated planning for coordinated response between the State, Federal Government, local cities and counties, and volunteers, that over the long term can reduce the damage that future oil spills cause, because they are going to happen here in the Bay, and other parts of our marine environment, as long as we rely on oil. We do appreciate the heroic efforts the key agencies have made, including the Coast Guard, not just professional personnel, but also volunteers in the last ten days, but it's hard to conclude that the reaction and response was adequate. It was clearly too little, too late. Just commenting on some of the previous testimony, the issue of notification, and of publicity about the extent of the spill. The importance is really beyond, I think, the Coast Guard's official requirements in the plan, because it delayed the deployment of local resources, including volunteer resources. I think the plans need to account for that better in the future, but even in this incident, if we tell people we think this might be a worst case scenario, among the things that could be done would be the greater deployment of containment booms, not just around the actual ship and where the oil was spilling, but in these remote areas around the Bay where the tides, wind and currents are transporting this oil. There's no reason that we can't have plans that include every marina and local creek advocacy group to have these kinds of containment booms to prevent oil from getting into the more sensitive environments that are spread all around this Bay. So, I think that is definitely something worthy of your attention. Short term, as these clean-up efforts continue, I think it's very important that NOAA and the other State and Federal agencies have sufficient manpower and equipment, not just to work on the clean-up, but to do the damage assessment. They are, basically, collecting evidence that can be used against the responsible parties to make sure that we get all the restitution for the Bay and all the restoration resources that we should as a result of this. I think next and also important is the midterm planning. You know, we have the Environmental Protection Agency and other agencies that have experience with oil spills. When you leave, and the glare of the lights goes off, there's important work to be done in months two through six, and I've already encouraged the Resources Secretary, State Resources Secretary, to try to convene those agencies to look a little beyond the horizon and get that planning started. I'd rather focus my remaining time on how this is really a wake-up call, not just on the Bay's vulnerability to oil spills, but to the Bay's overall fragility and the urgent and overdue work that is needed to protect and restore this Bay. And, I have some specific suggestions in my testimony. It's really time to accelerate the restoration of tens of thousands of acres of shoreline habitat that's already in State and Federal ownership waiting to be restored to tidal marsh and related habitats. The Bay needs it, the scientists have told us the Bay needs it. The property, most of the property is already bought, but we need the resources to do that restoration work. Secondly, you have the largest urban wildlife refuge in the Nation, which Ms. Lofgren and her then boss, Don Edwards, helped to create years ago, and it's under funded. It's doubled or more in size in the last few years, and it doesn't have more resources just to protect and manage what is there, and it's a great resource for everybody in the Nation. We need to tighten restrictions on trash and other pollution that are getting into our Bay every day. Fifty-eight thousand gallons is a lot of bunker oil, but millions of gallons of untreated stormwater discharge are going into our Bay every day, and they are poisoning fish and wildlife and other marine habitat. And finally, we need to step up enforcement of Federal and State clean water laws and pollution laws, which, frankly, in the last decade have not gone enforced as tightly as they should have, against polluters, including sewage treatment plants, industrial facilities and other violators. I know that your jurisdiction is the Coast Guard, but with the Bay delegation Members of Congress here, I feel it's crucial to underscore those ongoing needs for the Bay. The Bay needs these actions to restore it to health, even more urgently after the devastating oil spill that we are suffering now, and the Bay area's quality of life and economy depend on a healthy and vibrant Bay, and we depend on your leadership to make that reality. So, if this Bay is a priority for all of you, as I know it is, those are some of the things we need to do in the coming year, and years, and we look forward to working with you to help to do that. Thanks for your support and concern, and for coming here today so quickly. Mr. Cummings. Thank you very much, Mr. Lewis. Mr. Zeke Grader. Mr. Grader. Yes, thank you, Speaker Pelosi and Chairman Cummings and Members. I really appreciate the fact that you have responded promptly to this oil spill by coming out here, and also appreciate the fact that you are cutting into your Thanksgiving holidays to be here with us to understand what happened. My organization represents working men and women in our West Coast commercial fishing fleet, and as you know fishermen, or commercial fishermen in particular, are probably those most impacted economically when one of these events happens. They are affected immediately as we've seen with the closure on the crab fishery, and I should say this is largely a de facto closure that the fishermen have put in, not the State. I also want to point out too, because they are not fishing right now, I also want to point out too that there's long-term damage assessment with these type of spills. Fishermen, for example, in Prince William Sound, as a result of the Exxon Valdez, is still feeling the impacts there, particularly, to their herring fishery, and that was 18 years ago. So, this has both immediate impacts, as far as contaminating fish life, and making it unsuitable for consumption, but also has long-term impacts as far as the health and viability of these fish populations. I want to thank, particularly, this group that's sitting here, because our West Coast Delegation, as the Mayor said, from the standpoint of the fishing industry, we really appreciate you. This group here, along with Congressman Mike Thompson, did a real job in trying to keep our fishermen alive, because as you know we've suffered now for at least three years of bad salmon seasons, much of them caused by this current Administration in their administration of water, both in the climate basin, as well as the Bay Delta, and I really want to thank you for getting that assistance to these fishermen, and I know how difficult it was. Turning now to the next disaster we have faced on our hands, is this what's happened now with this oil spill in the Bay. Let me just discuss two aspects of it with you. First of all, the fisherman's involvement in oil spill containment and clean-up can second some recommendations. Following Exxon Valdez, the passage of OPA-90, and here in the State of California the passage of Lempert-Keene-Seastrand, the private companies, as well as some of the agencies, contacted the fishermen about being involved in oil spill clean-up, and after all this made a lot of sense, they had the type of boats that they represented almost like volunteer fire departments, of resources out there that could be called in to place when an oil spill happened. We did see extensive training of much of the fleet during the 1990s. However, towards the end of the 1990s we began seeing a fall off of that. The oil response companies, the private companies, told the fishermen, well, there's simply no more money. Nobody said to them at any point that their performance was unsatisfactory, but up until that time there had been training, including deployment of containment booms, there had been certification, they had participated in drills. We then brought that, and had brought that repeatedly, up when we were talking with the Coast Guard, with Cal Fish and Games, OSPR, which heads up California's oil spill response, and also with NOAA. In fact, we brought that specifically to NOAA's attention, and I know that at least three of their sanctuary people, when they had their big drill out here in 2006, said why aren't you using the fishermen, particularly, since they were shut down at that time because of what happened with the climate. We got no satisfactory answer, absolutely nothing. So, in turn, when this hit, many of the people were in port, in fact, we had a large fleet sitting in port waiting to put their crab gear on, ready to go, no one was contacted, not by the Coast Guard, not by OSPR, not by the private contractor. On Thursday, the head of the Crab Boat Owners Association, which represents the local fishermen, contacted the Coast Guard. He was told, well, we don't need your help. If you want to help at all, you can volunteer to clean birds. Finally on Saturday, the Port of San Francisco took it upon themselves, with their existing funds, and contracted with 20 fishermen. They were then put out in the water and worked until at least Tuesday, and they were effective out there. They put HAZWOPER people on board, and they were effective. Had they been called in within hours of the spill, we might have contained much more of this, but, basically, they were simply ignored. Also occurring at that time too is that we had asked for the closure on our fishery, the spill happened Wednesday, the following Wednesday we finally did get a response, and that was pretty anemic or lame, I would say, because only a very small part of the area was closed. Fortunately, most fishermen were refusing to go until we could get testing to make sure the crab are going to be safe, and we hope to have those tests in fairly soon. But, let me talk specifically about six recommendations we would have for you to take and consider. First of all, we need to have a provision, not just leaving it up to the private contractors, but mandate that we utilize local fishermen, this could also be charter fishing boat operators, the tugboat operators, and others, in our oil spill contingency plans. You can't leave that up to the volunteers, we have to tell them to do it. Second, I think within the Unified Command you have to make sure that the local agencies are part of it, not outside the door with a liaison running back and forth. I think we could have done lots better had groups such as the Port of San Francisco, the National Park Service, the Sanctuary, involved in that room, not shunted outside. Third, I think we have to do a better job of finding out how to utilize local knowledge, not just here, but everywhere. That was one of the important lessons that's come out of the oil spills in Alaska, particularly, the one that occurred in 2006. Fourth, I think we need to have better oversight of these private clean-up companies. If we are, basically, going to establish what I would call private fire departments, then we better damn sure make sure that we have some public oversight, and we haven't seen that for the past six or seven years, at least not effective oversight. Fifth, we need to have funding, and Mr. Lewis has already mentioned that, to make sure that the long-term damage assessments get done, that once this subsides and all the cameras have gone away, that we not forget about it, because as we know in the case of Exxon Valdez, that impact is still there. And finally, I think, and, perhaps, this has been answered by Speaker Pelosi's suggestion, but we had thought that, perhaps, an independent commission, similar to what we had after Exxon Valdez, is needed, not because this is an oil spill of that magnitude, but simply we better be prepared when we do have an oil spill of that magnitude or some other worse event, and we certainly weren't prepared for this one. Finally, if I can, Mr. Chairman, I do want to commend two groups that we really thought really came through, when most every other agency botched it. One is the Port of San Francisco. They were absolutely magnificent in all this. Second, I want to point out, specifically, the Beach Watch Volunteers of the Gulf of Farallones. They weren't trained out of Seattle or Washington, this is a program they've had ongoing here for 25 years, and it existed primarily because of members of this panel right now who made sure that they had the funding to keep that going, and they really did a yeoman's job. And, I also want to commend members of my own fleet, who I thought did a great job in the little bit of oil spill clean-up that they got to do. Thank you again, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Cummings. Thank you very much, Mr. Grader. Captain Thomas Hand. Captain Hand. I guess it's good afternoon, Madam Speaker, Mr. Chairman, and Members of the Committee. I am Captain Thomas Hand, a San Francisco Bar Pilot. Thank you for inviting a San Francisco Bar Pilot to speak today, at least I hope I can say that at the end of this session. I hold a U.S. Coast Guard Unlimited Master's License. I have been a professional mariner for 45 years, including 18 years as a Panama Canal pilot, and 17 years as a San Francisco Bar Pilot. The San Francisco Bar Pilots have navigated vessels in San Francisco Bay and tributaries for over 155 years. We service an area that includes the entire San Francisco Bay, and the Ports of Stockton, Sacramento and Monterey Bay. The waters of the San Francisco, Monterey, San Pablos and Suisun Bays, from the Gulf of Farallones to the Sacramento Delta, include nine bridges, 11 ports, 200 miles of shipping lanes, and countless hidden dangers. It is the job of the San Francisco Bar Pilots to know every fathom and every nautical mile. By California law, every vessel in excess of 300 gross tons, moving within waters under the jurisdiction of the Board of Pilot Commissioners, is required to use the services of a San Francisco Bar Pilot. Last year, the San Francisco Bar Pilots handled approximately 10,000, I repeat that, 10,000 vessel transits. Since 1986, a comprehensive training program, lasting approximately two years, geared specifically to the exceptional demands of barrier waterways has been a condition to becoming a San Francisco Bar Pilot. After apprenticeship and licensing, every pilot continues professional training to stay current in all vital areas. An applicant for the training program must be, at minimum, hold a valid U.S. Coast Guard Master's License, with a radar endorsement. He or she must have at least two years command or piloting experience, and a Federal pilotage endorsement. As a State licensed San Francisco Bar Pilot, I am subject to the oversight, including disciplinary oversight, of the Board of Pilot Commissioners for the Bays of San Francisco, San Pablo, and Suisun. The Board selects among applicants for available pilot positions, establishes and administers the training requirements, both initial and continuing, for the pilots, issues licenses, oversees the operation of the Bar Pilots, investigates incidents on the vessels piloted by Bar Pilots, and takes remedial and punitive action against pilots when appropriate. This is a thorough, comprehensive and active regulatory system. The pilots take their professional responsibilities to vessel owners they serve and the communities in which they work very seriously. We are proud of our long history of safe navigation. Up to last week, the last major accident on the Bay was when two tankers collided near the Golden Gate Bridge in 1971. Neither vessel in that incident had a San Francisco Bar Pilot. I am here to answer your questions about pilots, piloting and the pilotage system in San Francisco Bay and its tributaries. Thank you. Mr. Cummings. Thank you, thank you all very, very much. I think what I want to do is go straight to Ms. Lee, and I'll defer my questions until after my other colleagues have asked theirs. Ms. Lee. Ms. Lee. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman. Let me thank you and our Speaker for your leadership and for these field hearings today. This is a very important moment for the entire Bay area, the State, and our country. As you know, the vessel actually departed from the Port of Oakland, which is located in my congressional district, and I wanted to mention that the Port of Oakland has gone on record to declare a local emergency in the port area of Oakland and is proceeding expeditiously with response activities. Also, on Saturday I had the opportunity to be with many of the volunteers in Berkeley, and I must say, and I want to join with all of my colleagues in commending the volunteers, because in spite of their outrage at what had happened they were moving forward with the clean-up under very treacherous circumstances. And so, I just want to also commend and thank the volunteers for this. Mr. Lewis, let me first of all thank Save the Bay and all of our environmental organizations. Save the Bay, of course, is again located in my congressional district in Oakland, and want to just say that the volunteers, as you see this, and as you mentioned, were in many ways, and again, Congresswoman Lofgren said that it doesn't surprise any of us that we had many, many people willing to volunteer, because of the treasure that we all have attempted to preserve over the years with regard to the Bay. But, I know, because I heard this over and over again, that there were many offers of assistance, but many of these offers were refused. And, I want to get, from your perspective, Mr. Lewis, what exactly occurred from Save the Bay's point of view that prevented volunteers from moving forward? Was it only training? Was it lack of communication? Was it delay time? Or, what were the reasons? Mr. Lewis. I think in the middle of a crisis is a bad time to try to put together a plan, and sometimes that's necessary. So, I've seen the stacks of binders, loose-leaf binders, and plans from the State, and Federal agencies, it's pretty clear that they did not anticipate using, not just volunteers who hadn't been trained for technical skills, but the enormous number of personnel here in the Bay area from cities and counties who have appropriate training to do this work. And, I received calls from San Francisco City officials over the weekend after the spill as frustrated, that they had trained personnel, firefighters, others with HAZMAT training, who could have been deployed, and I'm sure that's true for other cities and counties around the region. So again, instead of focusing on finger pointing, I think one big take away is that, and this is not true everywhere, you know, there are less populated areas of the Coast and open ocean where a spill like this couldn't benefit from that, but we have 7 million people here, nine counties, over 100 cities, and that's a lot of trained personnel. So moving forward, obviously, you have to have Incident Command and key agencies at the center of a response, but the next concentric circle should include the cities and counties that have these resources, and then a third circle of volunteers, maybe some of them have training and are already at the ready or on call, others who can be trained on short notice to do important work. Ms. Lee. Thank you very much. And, my second question is, in terms of just our entire ecosystem, and the wildlife, do you think we need to take our ecosystem in better consideration as we develop future plans, or do you believe they are, primarily, the mechanisms now are in place for the actions and for the protection of the ecosystem? Mr. Lewis. I think there needs to be better emphasis on preventing these kinds of accidents, but an awareness that accidents are going to happen, and that the next one will not be the one that we've prepared for the last time. What that means is that, this ecosystem, which is so important to the State and the Nation, and, really, of international significance, is so stressed because we've treated it poorly for a very long time. And so, an incident like this, which is a small spill, a devastating spill, but a small spill, has more of an impact on the ecosystem because it's so stressed, because it's so fragile. The fisheries, the wetlands, the birds, some of these are endangered species, some of them are just threatened species, all of them are at risk. So, yes, we need more of a commitment to strengthen the ecosystem at the same time that we try to prevent accidents like this from occurring in the future. Ms. Lee. Okay, thank you very much. And, Mr. Chairman, I hope, as we move forward, some of the recommendations which Mr. Lewis mentioned earlier will be a priority on the list of recommendations that the Committee comes forward with, because I think it's very important that the funding be there, and all of the other issues that Save the Bay and other environmental organizations have presented, be part of the record. Mr. Cummings. Yes. I can tell you, we are very fortunate to have the Speaker right here, and she has a lot of passion with regard to this issue. So, enough said. Ms. Woolsey. Ms. Woolsey. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman, and thank you, Madam Speaker, for today's hearing, and thank you, Zeke Grader, for being here. It might be apparent to everybody, we each got to pick our own person to talk to, and ask questions of, and, Zeke, I'm not going to call you Mr. Grader because nobody knows Mr. Grader, we all know Zeke Grader, I picked you, because I wanted to, before I asked you questions, I wanted to acknowledge once again how important the role of the fishing industry, your fishing fleet, and the fisheries are in proving your stewardship about our waterways, and how important your voice is, and has been, and continues to be, and following a very poor, well, salmon seasons, and now a threatened crab season, how it is so clear that the safety of the consumers, the value of our fisheries and our fish, are so much more valuable than threatening it with any kind of fishing that wouldn't be appropriate. I just appreciate you, and I want all of us to appreciate you, because you make such a difference. Now, speaking of experienced volunteers, your fishing fleet couldn't be more experienced, trained, ready, and you told us the hard time you had getting out there. So, would you tell us now, on top of that, lay out for us the resources that fishermen can bring quickly to a spill, when you are invited in. Mr. Grader. Thank you, Ms. Woolsey. As I mentioned, here in the Bay we had, because of the beginning of the crab season, we had had probably a couple hundred, maybe a hundred anyway, I should say 200 to 300 in this immediate area, within the Gulf of the Farallones, fishing vessels that were getting ready to go crab fishing. These boats could have all been utilized. Many of these boats are small, they can get into areas where some of the larger container vessels and clean-up vessels cannot, so they are important. They can get out and span out on the Bay, or in the case of the ocean, both I know the Half Moon Bay Association had attempted to participate in some of the ocean clean-up here, the Bodega Bay fishermen, both cases we have both large and small vessels that are capable of getting out and really, at least augmenting this oil spill so we could clean it up quicker and clean up more of it, I think, and it's just a shame not to be able to utilize these vessels the same way it was a shame we didn't better utilize the volunteers we have here around the Bay area in helping do the beach clean-ups and help with the wildlife. So, I mean, it's there, and we could not, did not know why, you know, they canceled these contracts in the '90s, after people had been trained, nor why the agencies, and I say at least two of the agencies, three of the agencies, actually, two, both NOAA, and the Coast Guard, and Cal Fish and Game, did not act to try and make sure that those vessels were at the ready, nor did the private responder. Ms. Woolsey. So, would you have the absorbant booms with, I mean, how would you get your fleet, get a hold of those booms, to do the work? Mr. Grader. What had happened in the past is, we had the equipment, booms, other clean-up materials, placed in strategic locations around the Bay or along the coast, where they could go to get them. It's sort of like, you know, again, a volunteer fire department. First you put out the call to bring all the firemen there, then they go to the fire house, they get their gear, they get their trucks, whatever, and go out. It's the same sort of concept here. It's not really new, we've been doing it for about 200 years in this country, and we could have been doing the same thing here, utilizing, better utilizing them, and they simply chose not to. I don't know if it was complacency or the fact that these agencies had other things that they felt were more pressing, but, you know, like I said, we have taken a relatively minor spill and turned it into a major mishap. Ms. Woolsey. And, are there appropriate containment booms for different areas of the Bay, based on tide and winds, that we should have in place? Mr. Grader. I think this would be part of an overall oversight of this. I think we need to have oversight of what our capabilities are. I think that's long overdue, and that's the reason I think an independent look at all of this, whether it be the IG's recommendation or an independent commission like we had after Exxon Valdez, you know, either one, just so we get the job done, because we really do need to have the oversight and determine what it is we need and have it in place. Ms. Woolsey. Thank you, and, Mr. Chairman, this is the voice of a non-bureaucrat, who is an experienced and trained volunteer. Mr. Cummings. Believe me, I can feel his passion up here, I really--and I really mean that, and I want to thank you, I feel all of your passions. Ms. Richardson. Ms. Richardson. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. First of all, I'd like to applaud Speaker Pelosi for her leadership on this issue. Although this is in her own backyard, we would be really doing a disservice to all Americans to not realize that this 110th Congress has had priorities set before it, and one of them absolutely has to do with the environment and our responses, and our responsibility, as Members of Congress. So, Speaker Pelosi, Members of the Northern California Delegation, and Chairman Cummings, thank you for bringing us forward so quickly. Before I go into my very brief questions, I just wanted to say as a recap of some of the comments, particularly, Admiral Bone, that I'm concerned with, that I heard you discuss. You said of our Coast Guard, there are people who serve the public, you didn't believe information was withheld intentionally, that reasonable actions were taken, national standards exist, and we didn't anticipate volunteers. Let me say, first of all, just because we serve the public doesn't mean we are immune to not responding appropriately. When we talk about responsible actions, this was an incident that required extraordinary actions. So, reasonable is not acceptable, when we have tragedies we need people to go to the next level. And, when you speak about national standards, we have to, as regions, adjust, just because we have national standards doesn't mean that they are appropriate. In my area, 45 percent of the Nation's cargo goes through my area. So, if my area is only basing itself on national standards of other areas that may be only take up 5 percent, it's not going to be adequate. So, let me go to my questions, which are for Captain Hand that we have with us. Is it standard for a pilot to continue if radar is deemed inoperable? Captain Hand. I would think it would depend on where the vessel is at the time that you have to make that decision. Ms. Richardson. Well, according to the National Transportation Safety Board, the pilot said he had concerns about the radar on the ship. According to one report, it conked out twice, once before departure from the port, and once after the vessel was underway. So, my question is, in that instance would it be standard for a pilot to continue? Captain Hand. In all due respect, not having been in that situation, I can deal with the hypothetical, obviously, if I was in a position myself, and I boarded a ship, and the equipment that I was counting on to get from A to B is not functioning properly, then I would not go. In fact, I think if one of your radars does go out, it's supposed to be reported to the Coast Guard. But, as I say, I wasn't in this, I don't know all the details. It could have been that the radar just wasn't tuned properly, I mean, I don't know the details. Ms. Richardson. My second question is, are pilots required to be familiar with electronic chart systems? Captain Hand. We are trained in electronic chart systems. We are constantly, we are constantly being trained, and now more and more pilots are beginning to use their own laptops, but they are not recognized by the IMO, I mean, so the ships that have the electronic charts, yes. You have to understand that pilots go on many different types of ships, face many different types of equipment, and so there's an educational process, and the more experience you have, the more you learn. Ms. Richardson. Well, in this case, I believe the pilot had experience of 26 years in this particular area, and stated that he was not familiar with the electronic charts. My third question is, is it possible for radar and electronic equipment to work intermittently, meaning, be on, be off, going back and forth? Captain Hand. It is possible. Ms. Richardson. Okay. My final question is, the records indicate that the pilot had been involved in four ship handling incidences in the past 14 years, and had been reprimanded the last year for errors in judgment for running a ship aground. Should an individual with these types of instances, the history and their background, have been piloting this type of vessel? And, if so, what steps does your organization take to ensure that your pilots are able to better perform their duty? Captain Hand. As to whether he should be piloting, that's in the hands of the State Board. We, as a group, do not control that. I mean, it's the State Board of Pilot Commissioners, and, obviously, whatever rulings they made it was in their decision to allow him to continue piloting. So, I don't know how else to answer that, and I don't know, quite honestly, all the details of those incidents. Ms. Richardson. Well, according to an L.A. Times article that was stated, the Board of Commissioners, Board of Pilot Commissioners, Captain Patrick Maloney, had stated that this particular pilot was slightly below the average of the 61 Master Mariners in this particular area. So, are there any other suggestions you could give us as your association of how we could ensure these pilots can respond? Captain Hand. Again, with all due respect, I think that question should be posed of Captain Maloney, and to me, I don't believe everything that I read in the newspapers. Ms. Richardson. You sound like a politician. As I close here, I just want to say that this has done tremendous damage, not only to the residents, to the environment, to the businesses, and industries, but what I want to stress is that although we are here in the Bay area, and this happened in the Bay area, this is, unfortunately, a perfect example of the fact that this Nation still fails to be properly prepared to respond to a disaster, and that's alarming to all of us. Thank you very much. Mr. Cummings. Thank you. Mr. Lewis, let me just ask you, you had in your prepared remarks you said the Coast Guard's preparation and performance before, and during, and after this accident, you said that there were shortcomings. Do you recall that? Mr. Lewis. Yes. Mr. Cummings. And, what did you deem those shortcomings to be? Mr. Lewis. Well, I think that the investigations will reveal that in full, but at minimum there are shortcomings in planning. I am in no position to fault the execution of particular individuals in the Coast Guard, I have a deep respect for the Uniformed Services, and, actually, worked in the United States Senate on Armed Services issues for many years. So, I think that's why you do investigations, and that's why you take an independent look at what happened, so we can see if there were actually failures of execution. But, I think at minimum what we've seen is that there needs to be more and better planning, and at the Coast Guard level, again, at minimum, that would include a broader approach to Incident Command that includes other capabilities, resources, and agencies, at an appropriate level. Mr. Cummings. Admiral Bone, I just keep going back to this time period, you know, the 140 gallons, and then the 58,000 gallons, and I've got to tell you, it's troubling. I mean, I've listened to all the testimony, and the only thing I guess I can conclude is that we--and then when I heard the testimony with regard to the average amount of oil recovered it seems to me that we may have low expectations here. And, I think that we deserve better than that. I think that we, as Americans, deserve better, and you've heard me in talking to the Admiral about the Coast Guard, I just think that we need to raise our standards a little bit higher. I think it was Mr. Miller, Congressman Miller, that was going into that line of questioning. You know, and then I listen to Mr. Grader and talking about the fishing industry, and how, and I could feel your passion, I could feel it, I don't even know you, but, I mean, seriously, I could feel that you felt the pain, and not just for your fishermen, but for the environment. And, as I was listening to both of you, I couldn't help but think about something that in Florida, in Disney, I guess it's Disney World, in Florida, when I took my daughter there last summer, it had, over the Animal Kingdom it has this statement, it says, ``We did not inherit our environment from our foreparents, we borrowed it from our children.'' And so, you know, I just--I'm wondering whether we are having these low standards, and as a result of that low standards, and being caught up in an atmosphere of mediocrity, that's what I feel, those are my words, Admiral, whether we then let our children down. You know, it just seems to me that we can do better. This is the United States of America, this is--I mean, this is a country that sends people to the moon, and it seems as if we would be able to figure out something between 140 and 58,000. I mean, if you told me 588,000 I wouldn't feel so bad, but 58,000, with a 200 foot gash in a boat, in a ship, I mean, it just--but I'm hoping that as we go along, and, Ms. Hersman, I'm glad you are still here, I'm hoping that as the NTSB goes through its investigation that you will bring to it the feeling, the urgency of all these Members up here, because their passion is strong too. I mean, they want this thing resolved. And, as Ms. Richardson said, this is not just about San Francisco. I mean, this kind of thing can happen in the Chesapeake Bay, where I live, and so--and it can happen all over this country. So, that would, I just hope that we can do better. Did you want to say something, Admiral? Admiral Bone. Yes, sir, I know we can do better, and I think we are already doing better. I think the Mayor brought up one of the most important points, and that was the inclusiveness of the City, not just in the planning, but in the exercises. I think the reality in today's environment, in a post 9/11, is that we have to--these plans were written around just oil spill response, and in today's environment we have to really look at all threats, all hazards. We have, as he said, a state-of-the-art command and control and information network that was put together around emergent issues with security. We have to bring our planning processes together. We have to bring our command and control and Unified Command processes together, in order to do this better. One of the things that actually Congress has directed us is to put integrated command centers in place, so we've yet been able to accomplish that, but it would have linked this communication gap, we would have been together. We will be together without those centers, but it surely would have provided the State, the Federal, and the local collective eyes on scene when the information came in, and disperse out, for all threats, all hazards, for security. And, I'd offer that the Members here, and I've heard what they've said, I don't disagree at all that we could have used, and informed better, the people to boom their local areas. We can do that today. We can do that tomorrow, and we'll work towards that. We could have used emergency responders in the City of San Francisco, and I've committed to the Mayor to go forward and do that. I'm not going to wait until NTSB comes out to say this is what you need to do. We are going to do that. And, as far as the fishing boats, it was actually on day three when I came in and I turned to the Unified Command and I said, are we using the fishing vessels? We need to find a way to use these other vessels in order to increase our capacity and capability. And, they moved forward and the City actually stepped up and said, we will coordinate that, and we'll lead that. And, the liaison effort, exactly, in the post 9/11 environment we have to have better coordination, better use of volunteers and people, and not just what I'll call non-governmental entities, we've done all this planning with government entities, with industry. Industry brings a tremendous amount of capacity. We learned that after 9/11. Who do you think restored, and the whole business continuity issue, we have a lot--we can do better, and we are going to do better, and we will do better, and the Commandant, as you know, as you Members know, has committed to an ISPR process, which is an incidence preparedness review for this spill, which will look at those readiness issues, will look at the planning process issues, and will look at our response. And, I can tell you that he's not--he put 90 days on this, he didn't put a year, he said 90 days I want a report, it's going to be made up of Federal, it's going to be made of State, local and industry representatives. We are not going to wait, we are going to move forward, sir, and I want to make sure all the Members here know, I'll be moving forward in deliberation and process to make sure that's done. Mr. Cummings. We are going to close down the hearing in a minute, but I want to, again, thank all of our witnesses for being here, and I want to thank--I'll tell you, one of the things that has moved me more than anything else is the fact that so many volunteers came forward. That says a lot. People that were willing to take their time, perhaps, risk their health, because they wanted to make something, an environment better for others. That says a lot. Nobody was paying them. And, it seems to me that if they can do that, we ought to be able to do our part, to make sure that we maintain a safe, and clean, and healthy environment. And, Madam Speaker, I want to thank you for your leadership. The urgency and the fact that you care so much about these issues, and long with all of our Members, I thank all of you. I've done a lot of hearings across the country, but never have I seen this kind of response from the local Members to come out and to give it everything they have, and I want to thank all of you. I truly do. And, to the people in this area, you have given us, in the Congress, the catalyst to do everything that we can to make sure that we leave a tremendously wonderful and better environment than the one we found when we were born, and we are going to work hard, and this is not the end. A number of the reporters have asked me a little bit earlier, where do we go from here. What we were hoping to do is shine some lights here, and I think we've shined some. I can't say that I've been satisfied with all the answers. I agree with the Speaker, there are some things that I'm still unsatisfied with, but we're going to get to the bottom of it. And, Madam Speaker, I want to thank you, too, for moving towards the IG investigation, because I think we need to shine as many lights as we possibly can, and we need to look under every single rock, and I think somebody said that they hoped that we would be around four or five years from now, so that when we look under those rocks we can see what was happening. Well, we plan to be there until this thing is completely resolved. And so, with that, Madam Speaker, I'll yield to you. Speaker Pelosi. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman. Once again, I want to commend you for your leadership immediately upon learning of this spill, and then the plans that you made to be here for this important hearing. I join you in saluting the volunteers, that's a reflection of the appreciation we have for San Francisco Bay, in terms of its vitality, of its commercial importance, of its recreational significance and its environmental just value that we place on it. I know I speak for all of my colleagues when I thank you for holding this hearing. You speak to their presence here, and I salute them as well. They are here because they are always here about the Bay, they, the word goes out and we are there. As I said, many of us were with the Commandant last week when we walked the beach, but we were all there when we dedicated the Don Edwards Refuge. Every piece of it is important. You remember that the, every piece of this is very, very important to us. And so, I am pleased especially, I know again my colleagues want us to give a special last welcome to Laura Richardson, a Member of Congress just for a few months, on this important Committee, and taking the time from coming from Southern California, a Member of this Subcommittee, to help Mr. Cummings when we go back to proceed with this. I look forward to the ongoing work of the Subcommittee. Congresswoman Lofgren sits on the Homeland Security Committee, and it is that Homeland Security Department which her Committee oversees that we are asking the IG of that department to launch an investigation. Something is missing in this picture. Time equaled clean- up, 20 percent may be satisfactory to you, Admiral, mediocre to the Chairman, but could it have been better, even in the interest of--even with the difference in those hours. So, recognizing the importance of it, I'm so impressed with the turnout that we have for this hearing as well, and the very serious interest that everyone has taken in it. I want to add to the comments of our colleagues in commending Zeke Grader, and Captain Hand, the Bar Pilots, Mr. Grader from the fishermen here, and Mr. Lewis from the Bay keepers, it is--your work, Save the Bay, excuse me, Save the Bay, your work is so important, and little did we know a month ago that we'd all be sitting here in a hearing of this kind without really the adequate answers for us to give those stakeholders and this magnificent resource that God has given us, the San Francisco Bay, and all that it flows out to. But, answers we will get, the sooner the better, and we simply could not treasure and value it without the work and leadership that all of you provide. So, thank you for that leadership. And again, Mr. Chairman, I want to give you a big San Francisco applause, for our Chairman. Mr. Cummings. Thank you very much, Madam Speaker, and with that we will adjourn this hearing. Thank you. [The Subcommittee was adjourned at 12:50 p.m.] [GRAPHICS NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]