[Senate Hearing 110-347] [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office] S. Hrg. 110-347 SUPPORTING THE FRONT LINE IN THE FIGHT AGAINST CRIME: RESTORING FEDERAL FUNDING FOR STATE AND LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT ======================================================================= HEARING before the SUBCOMMITTEE ON CRIME AND DRUGS of the COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED TENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION __________ FEBRUARY 27, 2008 __________ Serial No. J-110-75 __________ Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 41-527 PDF WASHINGTON DC: 2008 --------------------------------------------------------------------- For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866)512-1800 DC area (202)512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001 COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY PATRICK J. LEAHY, Vermont, Chairman EDWARD M. KENNEDY, Massachusetts ARLEN SPECTER, Pennsylvania JOSEPH R. BIDEN, Jr., Delaware ORRIN G. HATCH, Utah HERB KOHL, Wisconsin CHARLES E. GRASSLEY, Iowa DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California JON KYL, Arizona RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, Wisconsin JEFF SESSIONS, Alabama CHARLES E. SCHUMER, New York LINDSEY O. GRAHAM, South Carolina RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois JOHN CORNYN, Texas BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, Maryland SAM BROWNBACK, Kansas SHELDON WHITEHOUSE, Rhode Island TOM COBURN, Oklahoma Bruce A. Cohen, Chief Counsel and Staff Director Stephanie A. Middleton, Republican Staff Director Nicholas A. Rossi, Republican Chief Counsel ------ Subcommittee on Crime and Drugs JOSEPH R. BIDEN, Jr., Delaware, Chairman EDWARD M. KENNEDY, Massachusetts LINDSEY O. GRAHAM, South Carolina HERB KOHL, Wisconsin ARLEN SPECTER, Pennsylvania DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California ORRIN G. HATCH, Utah RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, Wisconsin CHARLES E. GRASSLEY, Iowa CHARLES E. SCHUMER, New York JEFF SESSIONS, Alabama RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois TOM COBURN, Oklahoma Todd Hinnen, Chief Counsel Walt Kuhn, Republican Chief Counsel C O N T E N T S ---------- STATEMENTS OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS Page Biden, Hon. Joseph R., Jr., a U.S. Senator from the State of Delaware....................................................... 1 prepared statement........................................... 39 Coburn, Hon. Tom, a U.S. Senator from the State of Oklahoma...... 5 Feingold, Hon. Russell D., a U.S. Senator from the State of Wisconsin...................................................... 11 prepared statement........................................... 47 Feinstein, Hon. Dianne, a U.S. Senator from the State of California..................................................... 3 Leahy, Hon. Patrick J., a U.S. Senator from the State of Vermont, prepared statement and letter.................................. 53 WITNESSES Chambliss, Hon. Saxby, a U.S. Senator from the State of Georgia.. 8 Epley, Mark, Senior Counsel to the Deputy Attorney General, Department of Justice, Washington, D.C......................... 12 Harkin, Hon. Tom, a U.S. Senator from the State of Iowa.......... 6 Horvath, Jeffrey, Chief of Police, Dover Police Department, Dover, Delaware................................................ 23 Ramsey, Charles H., Police Commissioner, Philadelphia Police Department, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania......................... 19 Wieners, Anthony F., Executive Board Member, National Association of Police Organizations, Alexandria, Virginia.................. 25 SUBMISSIONS FOR THE RECORD American Council of Chief Defenders, Fern Laethem, Chair, Washington, D.C., letter....................................... 38 Epley, Mark, Senior Counsel to the Deputy Attorney General, Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., statement............. 41 Horvath, Jeffrey, Chief of Police, Dover Police Department, Dover, Delaware, statement..................................... 49 National Association of Secondary School Principals, Gerald N. Tirozzi, Executive Director, New Jersey, letter................ 73 National Legal Aid & Defender Association, Washington, D.C., Jo- Ann Wallace, President and CEO, letter 74 Ramsey, Charles H., Police Commissioner, Philadelphia Police Department, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania......................... 76 Wieners, Anthony F., Executive Board Member, National Association of Police Organizations, Alexandria, Virginia.................. 81 SUPPORTING THE FRONT LINE IN THE FIGHT AGAINST CRIME: RESTORING FEDERAL FUNDING FOR STATE AND LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT ---------- WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 27, 2008 U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Crime and Drugs, Committee on the Judiciary, Washington, DC The Committee met, Pursuant to notice, at 2:07 p.m. in room SD-226, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hon. Joseph R. Biden, Jr. presiding. Present: Senators Feinstein, Feingold, Specter, and Coburn. OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. JOSEPH R. BIDEN, JR., A U.S. SENATOR FROM THE STATE OF DELAWARE Chairman Biden. The subcommittee will come to order. For our witnesses, let me briefly explain the order here. I have a brief opening statement. I believe that the Ranking Member, Senator Specter does. I'm told that Senator Feinstein has another meeting in Intelligence, or another committee, and she'd like to make a brief statement, which we'll be delighted. I'd invite my colleague, if he wishes to say anything at the outset. Then we'll hear from the money men, our two colleagues who are on the Appropriations Committee. We're delighted that they're here. Then we'll move on to the witnesses. Let me begin by pointing out to you all that a former staffer who ran the Criminal Justice Subcommittee for years for me, Scott Green, who is a referee in the NFL and done the Super Bowl and the rest, I've asked him to come back and throw the flag on you guys if you don't give us the right testimony. I just want you to know why he's here. Scott, it's great to see you. Good to have you back in the room. At the inaugural hearing of this subcommittee, a panel of law enforcement experts testified that the Federal funding for State and local law enforcement, to state the obvious, makes our streets safer, has driven down crime rates, and secured our communities against terrorism. At that hearing, I outlined three developments that had me greatly concerned, though. First, was I was concerned the administration would continue to cut funding for essential State and local law enforcement agencies like COPS, Byrne/JAG grant programs. Second, I was concerned the FBI would not replace the agents redeployed from investigating crime to fighting terrorism. As you gentlemen know, the FBI has worked over the years, depending on the jurisdiction--sometimes up to 10 to 12 percent of the criminal cases in some jurisdictions there have been some overlap with the FBI, and quite frankly their plate has been full since 9/11, and yet we haven't really added to their total. There's a real gap, in my view, that State and local law enforcement has had to fill in the absence of having to pull necessarily a significant portion of the FBI off of working with them. Third, I was concerned that the economic downturn that we're beginning to experience would squeeze localities and force them to cut their law enforcement and prevention budgets. Unfortunately, all three of these concerns, in my view, have been borne out. Since the President took office, the President has cut annual funding the COPS and Byrne Justice Assistance grants by $1.7 billion. The President's 2009 budget proposes to eliminate these grants entirely, which I think is a tragic mistake. The FBI agents reassigned away from fighting crime--well, they're fighting crime, but they're moved to focus on counter- terrorism and terrorism--one investigator report last year stated the number of criminal cases investigated by the FBI has dropped by 34 percent. I would argue necessarily it's not a consequence of dereliction on their part, I think necessarily because of their new responsibilities. Again, in our effort to protect Americans from terrorism, I don't think we can leave them vulnerable to violent crime in the street. It doesn't matter to somebody if they're killed by a terrorist or they're killed by a thug, they're dead on our streets. We have to do both. That makes a commitment of resources that has frankly been lacking in recent years that I think needs to be reestablished. The economy has slowed down. The Washington Post reported this week that next year, 20 States expect their budgets to be in the red. As State governments are forced to tighten their belt because most have constitutional requirements to balance their budgets, they're likely to cut back on critical law enforcement funding. Federal assistance, I think, in that circumstance is going to become even more important. I learned a long time ago from cops like those we're going to hear from today that fighting crime takes constant attention and a steady commitment. I often say it's like cutting grass. You can cut the grass this spring and it's going to look great for a week. You let it grow for a week, then 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks out, it's a jungle. That's how crime is. I've never seen a time in American history where the population continues to grow, where there's any rationale for spending less money on fighting crime in the following year than the year you spent before. God ain't come up with a new brand of man. As Emerson said, ``Society is like a wave. The wave moves on, but the particles remain the same.'' The idea that you think you can beat crime one year and that will last for more than a year, I think, is a tragic mistake we're now making. We have to keep the grass mowed. So, ladies and gentlemen, I think we've neglected State and local law enforcement for too long and I think we've got a looming problem on our hands. A recent poll published by the nonpartisan Third Way indicates that 94 percent of Americans view crime as a ``very serious'' or ``fairly serious'' problem. That's considerably up. Moreover, 69 percent of Americans feel that violent crime is a bigger threat to them than the possibility of a terrorist threat. They're pretty smart. The concern of these Americans are serious and real. Last year, 1.4 million Americans were victims of violent crime, acknowledging that crime is down from what it was seven, eight, and 9 years ago, but still inexplicable high, in my view. So, last year, 1.4 million Americans were victims of violent crime, and more than 445,000 were robbed and more than 17,000 were murdered. These numbers are simply too high and I think we need to renew our commitment and return to what we know that works. As Ronald Reagan used to say, ``If it ain't broke, don't fix it.'' It wasn't broke, and they tried to fix it and now we have a problem. We know the COPS program works. Last spring, The Brookings Institution published a study showing that the COPS program contributed to the drop in crime during the 1990s, and is one of the most cost-effective options in fighting crime. Specifically, the study found that for every $1.4 billion invested in the COPS program, society realized a benefit of between $6 and $12 billion. We know the programs funded by the Byrne Justice Assistance grants work. Police officers and sheriffs walking the beat tell me that these programs are vital to their ability to protect America from crime and terrorism. I am sure they have told every one of the Senators here on both sides of the aisle. Productive, law-abiding citizens who participate in Boys & Girls Clubs and other prevention programs that Byrne/JAG grants fund tell me that they could not have done what they've been able to do in reducing crime without these programs. Citizens who have overcome the debilitating disease of drug addiction and lead healthy, meaningful lives tell me that drug courts and treatment programs funded by Byrne/JAG literally saved their lives. We know what the solution is. We know how to make American communities safer. We just need to make the commitment to restore funding to these tried-and-true programs, and I intend to do everything I can to see that that is the case. Now, Senator Specter was here, but I believe he had to leave for another committee. He saw Chief Ramsey, so I'll make sure that when he gets off the train at Amtrak he's not arrested on the way to home. But Chief, welcome, by the way. [The prepared statement of Senator Biden appears as a submission for the record.] So I'm assuming he may be back, but I'm going to skip right now to Senator Feinstein, if she would like to make any comment. STATEMENT OF HON. DIANNE FEINSTEIN, A U.S. SENATOR FROM THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA Senator Feinstein. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman. I want to particularly commend you and thank you, for the Crime bill when I first came into the Senate, the COPS program and your really constant and consistent defense of law enforcement and the issues that crime bring upon our communities. I mean, you've been there all the way and I just want to say thank you for it. Chairman Biden. Thank you. Senator Feinstein. I'm a big fan of the Byrne/JAG program. I know my two colleagues here, Senator Harkin and Senator Chambliss, join me. As a matter of fact, Senator Chambliss and I spearheaded an authorization of $1.1 billion. The bill passed the Senate and we had 52 co-sponsors. Senator Harkin has been at the front of the line in advocating for this and the three of us, on the emergency supplemental bill, are going to try to get together in Appropriations--we're all appropriators--and increase that amount in this Byrne/JAG column. There is no question, Mr. Chairman, that crime is going up. It was interesting to me to read a figure by the International Chiefs of Police, some of whom are here today, that for every 2.5 percent of increase of violent crime, there are 31,000 more victims. I can speak for my State to say that the cuts in these law enforcement programs have eviscerated anti-drug efforts, anti-gang efforts, HIDA programs, all up and down the State. We've just simply got to fight against these cuts and do more about them, so we will try when that supplemental appropriations bill comes before the Senate. As you know, we passed a gang bill. After 10 years, Senator Hatch and I authored that Gang Prevention Act. It was difficult to pass in the Senate. We negotiated between both sides. It finally passed by unanimous consent, which is unusual, and is now in the House. I'm hoping that people here will help us get this Gang Abatement Act passed as well, because it's a good bill. It's evenly divided in funding between prevention, education, law enforcement, and prosecution. It actually sets some important criteria, I think, for the future: it sets aside $411 million for gang prevention and intervention; it establishes a new high-intensity gang activity area program, structured to facilitate cooperation between State, local and Federal law enforcement; it increases funding for the Justice Department, prosecutors, FBI agents, and others to increase investigations and prosecutions. Just this past week in Los Angeles, a section of the city had to be shut down because of gang warfare. Schools had to be locked up because of gang warfare. A 37-year-old innocent man holding a two-and-a-half-year-old toddler standing on a street corner was shot to death with 12 bullet holes because he got in between gang warfare. It goes on and on. So these grant programs for law enforcement are primo. They are No. 1. I just thank you so much, and I know Senator Coburn and the two distinguished people at the witness table, we will fight the good fight. Chairman Biden. Thank you, Senator. Senator Coburn? STATEMENT OF HON. TOM COBURN, A U.S. SENATOR FROM THE STATE OF OKLAHOMA Senator Coburn. I have a particular interest, even though I don't agree with how we got there. The Byrne/JAG grants have been tremendously beneficial where I've seen them utilized. Although I have mixed feelings on whether or not that's a Federal responsibility, if you look constitutionally you're going to have to question that, but we've gotten into that arena. I would like to submit for the record the latest data through 2006. State budget surpluses were $54 billion. I noticed the State that tended to get the most in terms of the directed earmarks, rather than the competitive money that was for the Byrne/JAG grants, had a surplus of $10 billion. The second most had a surplus of $7 billion. This year we're going to run the highest deficit in history. So there's no question that this is effective money, and I will work hard to help us reappropriate some of that money. But I want us to caution, when we take it and add it to a supplemental, we're not paying for it and we're asking somebody else to pay for it. The real hard work has to be, how do we go and find out what's not working and take the money from it rather than just charge this to our kids? I agree, the drug courts in Oklahoma have been a phenomenal life saver, rescuing people out. The assistance to many of our district attorneys in terms of their drug task force have been tremendously beneficial. But how we pay for it makes a difference. We only have 4 years left before things really hit the fan for this country in terms of the baby boomers. 2012 is the year. When you look at what is happening to the dollar today, you're looking at the weakening of our economy, you look at the price of oil that hit $102 today a barrel because we haven't managed our affairs--it's not necessarily a shortage of oil or an increase in demand. The price of oil has gone up proportionately higher for America than it has any other country and it's because people don't have the confidence in us to manage our financial means. So I appreciate our two colleagues here and their testimony, and their work to this. It's important. But it's got to be about some priorities, getting rid of some other things rather than just putting the money back up there and charging it to our kids. The final point I'd make, I would enter into the record that as we look at what happened last year, what happened was, the discretionary--the earmarks on the Byrne/JAG actually hardly declined at all in terms of the year before, but the block grants, the formula block grants, the ones where we have competitive bidding where different jurisdictions come in and say, here's where we have a need, here's why we're going to do it. Well, they're the ones that got gutted, from $660 million out of the Senate bill to $170 million. So if you've got earmarked whether you were competitive or not, you just got the favor. The people who are really competing for this money that may have had a greater need, they were just thrown under the bus. So there has to be a better balance between the earmarking of Byrne/JAG grants and the actual formulary grants. What we chose last year, is we stuck it to everybody that's applying for a grant and we gave it to everybody that got earmarked, and that's not the right way. It's not fair for those that are dependent on this money in the country, and that's something that we need to address as we look forward to this. I thank the Chairman for indulging me. Chairman Biden. Thank you, Senator. I'm happy to hear what you have to say. You and I are probably going to be having some debates about the security premium on oil. I don't think it's our economy, I think it's the fact that we haven't figured out how to settle the war in Iraq, and are worried about a war in Iran. That's what most of the security premium is. But that's another question, and we're going to probably have some disagreement, but we'll work together on the matter of the ``earmarks'', as you've referred to them, versus competitive grants. Most of those earmarks have gone to places where they've demonstrated there's a need and it's worked, but that's a different question. For now, we have two very important Senators here whom we rely on because they are on the Appropriations Committee, in addition to being men of significantly good judgment. Tom Harkin is my good friend and colleague, a member of Commerce, Justice, and Science Appropriations Subcommittee. He's worked closely with me on the law enforcement funding issues for, literally, decades, with all of us, I would say. It's good to have you here, Tom. And Saxby Chambliss, who, Senator Feinstein has pointed out, has been a real leader in the importance of law enforcement funding and husbanding how it's done. I appreciate his leadership, and am delighted they're both here. Gentlemen, the floor is yours. Mr. Chairman? STATEMENT OF HON. TOM HARKIN, A U.S. SENATOR FROM THE STATE OF IOWA Senator Harkin. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Let me, first of all, echo what the Senator from California has said earlier, and to thank you, Senator Biden, for your many years of leadership in this area of fighting crime and drugs. You have been a true leader since I first came here in 1985. You preceded me by a few years on that one. But ever since I came here, we have looked to you for your leadership in providing the tools that our sheriffs and our police departments need to fight crime and drugs. I just, again, want to thank you for your whole lifetime of making sure that our law enforcement people--you see a lot of them sitting here--get the tools that they need. Chairman Biden. Thank you. Senator Harkin. So we thank you very much for that. Yesterday, Mr. Chairman, was the 20th anniversary of the killing of Edward Byrne, a young, 22-year-old rookie police officer in New York. He was assigned to a drug case. He was assigned to protect a witness, was sitting in his car in the early morning hours and a drugger came up and shot him several times in the head and killed him instantly. The killing was obviously an attempt to intimidate witnesses. This heinous crime then led to the enactment of the Edward Byrne Memorial State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance Program. I think it was recognized at that time, I think, Senator, that while we have looked to the states mostly for fighting crime and drugs, that in many cases these cross jurisdictional lines and therefore this would be an appropriate place for the Federal Government to come in and to assist in these efforts. That is exactly what the Byrne program did. It recognized it was not just a local problem. In fact, in all these years up until now, the Edward Byrne grant program is the only--the only source of Federal funding for multi-jurisdictional law enforcement efforts, the only source that we have to do that, and it has done great things. So I remember the history of this. In 1994, I led an effort, again with others, to restore the funding that was cut. I'm just going to be very frank here: it was cut by the Clinton administration. A number of us--and you, Senator Biden--were leading the effort at that time to get this money back in. We did, and we kept it in and we kept growing the Edward Byrne grant program. Well, what I'm here today to do is sound the alarm of what's happened this year. You touched on it, Senator Coburn. That is what has happened to the funding. Again, just in recent history, in 2002 it was $900 million. It was cut down to $520 million in 2007, and now $170 million. That's a two-thirds cut in one year. In one year. Again, the Senate had $660 million for this year and the House had $600 million. But as you know, the President vetoed the bill, wanted to cut to $22 billion, so this all got wrapped up in that and that's why we wound up with $170 million. As you pointed out, Mr. Chairman, the President's budget for next year, again, zeroes out the Byrne program. Now, we'll address that later on in terms of 2009. What I wanted to take your time on today is to emphasize the need that when we have our supplemental up in another month and a half, or whatever it is, 2 months from now, we've got to put that money in there to restore the 2008 money. I'm sure all of you have probably talked to your local law enforcement people in your States. What I've heard, not only from my State but from other States, too, is that if this money is not restored-- they're now kind of running on fumes, so to speak. They've got some money left over from last year, some local jurisdictions have picked up and put money in there, but quite frankly, almost everyone I've talked to said if they don't have some money by July/August, they've got to start letting people go. They just won't have the money, period. And as has been said to me many times, in law enforcement, once you eliminate a program it's hard to start it up again. It's hard to hire back trained and experienced people if you've gone a whole year. It's hard to startup a wire tap. You've got a wire tap going, you have to end it. It's hard to start it up again. It's hard to reconnect with witnesses who, in this kind of an underworld, tend to drift around and move on, so they've gone to other States and you lose track of them. It's hard to recreate a whole year of maybe lost investigations. Again, keeping in mind that the Byrne program is the only one, the only Federal program, that funds these multijurisdictional efforts not only within a State, but across State lines. Again, I've emphasized that. But as you pointed out, Senator, there are other things, like the drug courts, that have been very successful in your State, my State, and I'm sure others. Gang prevention programs that Senator Feinstein talked about. Reentry programs. In-school programs where they've gone and sent officers and people in to schools to talk to kids about drug prevention programs. So it sort of really covers that whole waterfront. I've emphasized mostly drugs because the scourge of methamphetamine and stuff that's gone around this country, if it weren't for the Byrne grant program we would not have been nearly as successful as we have been in finding the sources of those drugs and in arresting and imprisoning so many people involved, especially in the methamphetamine area. Just, if I might, Mr. Chairman, in closing, say in Iowa what his would mean if we don't get the money in the 2008 supplemental, it means that we would have to eliminate 15 of 21 multijurisdictional drug task forces. Fifteen of 21. We would lose 39 of 59 personnel assigned and working in this area. Again, I point out that 85 percent of the drug cases in Iowa have come from these task forces. Now, again, we have the supplemental. I hesitate to point this out, but I feel compelled to do so. We have already spent $6 billion in security and law enforcement in Iraq. Six billion. All we're asking for is $490 million for some law enforcement and security in going after the druggers in this country. So again, I thank you all, all of you, Senator Coburn, Senator Biden, Senator Feinstein, who had to leave, all of you for your leadership in this area. This is one thing I hope where we can work across party lines and regional lines to get this money back in a supplemental. It's just vital--vital--that we get it in the supplemental appropriations. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Chairman Biden. Thank you very much. Senator Chambliss? STATEMENT OF HON. SAXBY CHAMBLISS, A U.S. SENATOR FROM THE STATE OF GEORGIA Senator Chambliss. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman. Let me echo what's been said relative to your recognition of law enforcement issues. You are a champion for law enforcement. It's been a pleasure to work with you, not just on this issue, but on other issues, too. You have made America a better place. So, thanks for your great leadership. Senator Feinstein, I just can't say enough about her. She's been such a great partner in working on this particular issue over the last couple of years. She, likewise, is a champion for law enforcement, not just in her State, but for every State in the country, and knows and understands the issues, is very articulate on the issues, and understands why we need the funding that we're asking for here, as well as otherwise. To my good friend, Senator Coburn, he is not only my colleague, he's a very close personal friend. Philosophically, we're on the same page most of the time. Senator Coburn is one guy that I really appreciate because of his recognition of the fact that this is a needed program, and this is one of those programs that we've got to find the funding for. He comes from a rural State, as do I. This is a program that has worked very well. I would just say that I agree with you in the sense that there are some situations where we tend to act as Big Brother, or Uncle Sam, by funding programs that maybe States ought to take care of. But in this case, as I will mention here in a minute, we've had experience across State lines with the State of Alabama, working on a specific program. So, interstate commerce is involved on a regular basis and I do think if it were not for this Byrne/JAG program, and for Federal participation in funding these grant programs around the country, that we simply wouldn't have had the success that we've had. I want to focus on the Byrne/JAG program and I want to talk about this program, Mr. Chairman, for two main reasons. First, because I strongly advocated for the program since arriving in the Senate. Second, because it is one of the most critical programs that received one of the most devastating cuts in the appropriation bill. The Byrne/JAG program is the primary provider of Federal criminal justice funding to State and local jurisdictions, and the funding supports all components of the criminal justice system, from multi-jurisdictional drug and gang task forces, to community crime prevention programs, to substance abuse programs, prosecution initiatives, domestic violence programs, and information-sharing initiatives. I will tell you that our law enforcement officials--our sheriffs, our prosecutors, our drug court professionals, and many other public servants in the law enforcement community rely on this funding to make our communities safer. The results they get with the Byrne/JAG funding are tangible and real. In my home State of Georgia, the Byrne/JAG funding program has been essential to fighting crime, drugs, and gangs across the State. I want to highlight a few successes in Georgia from the Byrne/JAG program during the 2006-2007 grant period. Multi- jurisdictional task forces were able to make 5,600 drug arrests and seize almost $50 million in drugs. Twenty-five hundred law enforcement officers were trained in more than 100 different classes offered by the Georgia Public Safety Training Center through its drug enforcement training program. The Georgia Bureau of Investigation's State Drug Task Force led a cooperative investigation resulting with an interstate drug enforcement effort with the State of Alabama that received national recognition. The Georgia Information-Sharing and Analysis Center is Georgia's Homeland Security State-level fusion intelligence center. The center expanded its Southern Shield initiative and widened the focus for intelligence integration in the region by coordinating with 12 other States within the southeast on intelligence collection and dissemination. Nine drug court programs were supported, as was a mental health court diversion program. During fiscal year 2007 when the national funding level was at $520 million, the State of Georgia received $12.4 million in Byrne/JAG funding. If we cannot restore the funding that was cut in the 2008 omnibus, Georgia is projected to receive $4.6 million. This difference of $8 million will make a huge difference in my State. Sheriff John Cary Bitick from Monroe County, Georgia was recently in Washington to urge that Congress find a way to restore this cut in funding. Sheriff Bitick is the former president of the National Sheriffs Association and has been very active on and off the Hill over the years. When we met, he told me that without restoration of these funds, 60 percent of the drug task forces in Georgia would disappear. These cuts are the scope that the drug task forces that rely on them cannot bring the gap until we complete the fiscal 2009 appropriations process. I am afraid that our rural areas will be most affected. My hometown is in a rural part of Georgia, down in the very southwest part of the State, so I know first-hand the challenges that small-town police chiefs and sheriffs face from a funding perspective. One great thing about the Byrne/JAG program is that the money is allocated so that 40 percent of the funding is distributed to local governments. In many cases, grants from the Byrne/JAG program are the only source of Federal funding for sheriffs and police in smaller communities. Immediate action is needed. I am pleased to join with so many of my colleagues to try to do just that in the supplemental appropriation bill that Congress is expected to take up this spring. I'm sure each and every member of this Senate has heard from a law enforcement official in their State about the importance of the Byrne/JAG program to helping them fight methamphetamine and other drug trafficking, as well as gang violence and other crime. I think this program enjoys such widespread bipartisan support here in the Senate because we know of the good results it produces. We know that for so many localities, this is where the rubber hits the road in terms of ability to tackle the critical tasks they face. Particularly in light of the new security environment in which we live in the post-9/11 world, as we call on State and local law enforcement to do more, we have to provide them with the resources they need to carry out their duties. I thank the Chairman for allowing me the opportunity to be here and to put this in the record, this critical information regarding the Byrne/JAG program in my State. I look forward to working with this Committee as we move forward with Senator Harkin and others to make sure that our law enforcement continue to have the tools they need to fight crime at the local level. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman. Chairman Biden. Thank you for your testimony, gentlemen. I know you are very busy. I just would say, before I yield for 2 minutes to my friend, or whatever he needs--my friend from Wisconsin, who is managing a bill on the floor, he may want to make a statement, if you could wait just a couple minutes. As we all know, we ended up with the omnibus bill, but you guys, out of your subcommittee, for the bill that we hoped had passed the Senate, $587 million for the COPS program as well. I know we're talking about Byrne grants today, but I hope I get a chance to talk to you fellows about the COPS program, as it received significant support in the Senate the last time out. But at any rate, I know you're busy. Senator Feingold? STATEMENT OF HON. RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, A U.S. SENATOR FROM THE STATE OF WISCONSIN Senator Feingold. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, for your leadership on this issue over the years. And thank you for chairing this important hearing. I, too, want to thank Senators Harkin and Chambliss for their hard work on this. This is as close to a consensus issue as you can find. I am also deeply concerned about the current state of Federal funding for grants that aid State and local law enforcement agencies, in particular the Byrne Justice Assistance grants and the COPS grants. The fiscal year 2008 funding levels were far too low, and for fiscal year 2009 the President's budget proposal once again proposes to slash funding for these programs. This continues to be the number-one issue that I hear about from police officers, prosecutors, and other law enforcement officials in Wisconsin. Mr. Chairman, I know because I have held 30 town meetings already this year, and we have the record amount of snow in the history of the State of Wisconsin. We've had 100 inches of snow. These police officers and sheriffs come in whatever the weather, whatever the conditions, to tell me how worried they are about Byrne grants. It is the most consistent message that I'm hearing throughout the entire State of Wisconsin. They desperately need this Federal funding. If you think about the context in which these brave men and women are trying to keep our communities safe, the violent crime rate has been rising, particularly in Milwaukee. State and local agencies are being expected to do more and more as new Homeland Security responsibilities continue to crop up and other resources like the National Guard, on which these agencies used to be able to rely, are no longer available, many times, because of the war in Iraq. In the midst of this, Federal funding has been going down. Mr. Chairman, as you know, we have to help. I was deeply disappointed in the fiscal year 2008 appropriation for Byrne grants, which was just $170 million. This is a sliver of the authorized amount, which is more than $1 billion annually, and also a dramatic cut from the $520 million that Congress appropriated to Byrne grants in fiscal year 2007. In Wisconsin alone, this results in a $4.1 million reduction in Federal funds to State and local law enforcement between 2007 and 2008. Then on the heels of that, the President's new budget proposal eliminates funding for both Byrne grants and COPS grants, replacing them with new, woefully underfunded proposals. So the hearing is important and I look forward to working with you. Thank you, Mr. Chairman and my colleagues, for understanding that I am going to ask to put my full statement in the record. I regret I can't stay for all the testimony. Chairman Biden. Without objection, it will be placed in the record. Senator Feingold. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. [The prepared statement of Senator Feingold appears as a submission for the record.] Chairman Biden. Thank you. Senator, do you have any questions for our colleagues? Senator Coburn. I just wanted to emphasize, I understand the cross-jurisdictional area and I am fully supportive of that. The drug task forces have been phenomenal. The point that I think you, Senator Harkin, made which we should not lose, is the unwinding of these drug task forces, you won't put back together for years because of the experience, the knowledge, the contacts, the informants, and everything else. So, the timeliness of what you're doing, I agree with. I think we've got to get it done and we've got to get it done to a certain extent. I think we also have to make sure we get the authorization done, since it hadn't been authorized since 2005. So we're appropriating on something that has no authorization, which we do to the tune of $280 billion a year right now and we ought to be authorizing it. Senator Chambliss. I would expect, Mr. Chairman, that Senator Feinstein and I will have our amendment in the budget process back on the floor in a couple of weeks. Chairman Biden. I look forward to that. As I told my staff, the bad news is for them, I'm back from Iowa, Tom, so I'm going to be paying a whole heck of a lot of attention to this. At any rate, thank you gentlemen for coming over. We appreciate your support very, very much, and your time. Thank you. Our next panel would be Mark Epley, Senior Counsel to the Deputy Attorney General. He's testified for the Department on the crime hearing last year. It's good to have you back, Mark. Thank you very much. As you can see, you have no opposition here. Everybody is going to love the fact you're eliminating Byrne grants. So I just want you to know, we'll provide you with Capitol Hill police protection out of the room, but not down the hall. So you're on your own, Jack. Anyway, all kidding aside, welcome, Mark. We're happy to have you here. The floor is yours. STATEMENT OF MARK EPLEY, SENIOR COUNSEL TO THE DEPUTY ATTORNEY GENERAL, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, WASHINGTON, DC Mr. Epley. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, Senator Coburn. As you mentioned, I came representing the Department last May and engaged in a dialog with this distinguished panel about the right role of the Federal Government in assisting State and local law enforcement with violent crime. I'm very glad to be back to continue this dialog, particularly in light of new crime statistics and the President's 2009 budget request. I'll just make two points. First, when we look at the crime statistics we see that there are a number of cities struggling with violent crime, but the data do not reveal nationwide trends or any particular case. The second point, is the Department's approach to strengthen partnerships with law enforcement, State and local law enforcement, and to target resources is well suited to the crime challenges that we see. First, as to crime statistics, the 2007 preliminary Uniform Crime Report from the FBI shows that the first half of 2007, violent crime went down 1.8 percent when compared to the preceding year. It's just a preliminary report, however, and it could change by the time the final comes. There are still struggling cities that are represented in the 2007 report, but it is nonetheless encouraging. But to get the best site view of the state of violent crime in America, you need to go to the final reports. Now, for some historical context. In 1992, the FBI measured sort of the all-time high in the rate of violent crime. Violent crime has been decreasing since then every year through 2004. In 2005, it went up 1.3 percent. In 2006, almost another percent. In our effort to understand what was going on, what caused this uptick, we looked closely at the numbers. We talked to the field, to academics. What we saw is that different sized cities were differently affected, different regions were differently affected. For example, when you look at 2005 and 2006 together, just 16 cities are responsible for 50 percent of the increase in violent crime that was reported in 2005 and 2006. I'm happy to report that all those cities that applied for Department of Justice funds for a new grant program to support violent crime task forces received funding. Which brings me to my second point, that the Department's approach to strengthen and grow partnerships with State and local law enforcement, to target resources to communities to solve their particular problems, is best suited to the kind of crime challenges we're seeing. We've done that through the FBI Safe Streets task forces. We've done that through the ATF's Violent Crime Impact Teams, of which there are 30 around the country. We've done that through the U.S. Marshal's Fugitive Apprehension Task Forces, working with State and locals, the FALCON program. We've done that with Project Safe Neighborhoods. Adding prosecutors, giving small grants to local law enforcement, working together, we have doubled the number of gun prosecutions in the last 7 years when compared to the preceding 7 years. We appreciate, though, that partnership does take resources. One of the ways that we support our partners is thorough equitable sharing. In this last year, the Department returned $410 million to our State and local partners. These are law enforcement agencies with whom we've done joint operations and the proceeds, the assets, and the cash seized, we pushed that back, a large measure of that back to our partners. But the other way that we support partnerships is through grants. As I mentioned, there's a new program that the Department financed last year. We invested $75 million in 106 communities around the country, investing in violent crime task forces. Those resources allow law enforcement to target, using intelligence-led policing, resources to the specific problem that that community has. So, in short, Mr. Chairman, we believe that the Department's budget this year has struck the right balance between investing in our core mission, defending against the threat of terrorism, and investing in our State and local partners in the most value-added way. Thanks again for the opportunity to be here. [The prepared statement of Mr. Epley appears as a submission for the record.] Chairman Biden. Well, thank you. I just have a couple brief comments and I'll yield to my colleague. You know, when we talk about crime I always find it fascinating. I've had this debate now for the last 30-some years. By the way, your returning to the local governments the money you're talking about is required by law, a law that I wrote about 18 years ago. The Federal Government didn't want to participate in it in the past. So it's not like it's largesse, you had no option, No. 1. But No. 2, the thing that fascinates me, and I wonder if you could comment on it, I thought our job was, State and local, to continue to reduce crime. The fact that crime may have now ticked up or gone down, we can argue about that. We're talking about, we still have, as of the statistics of 2006, 1,417,745 violent crimes committed in the United States of America. Now, granted, that's down from a high of 1994, when the Biden crime bill passed, 1,857,760 crimes, but it's still 1,417,745. Now if we could, just for the sake of discussion, by expending additional money bring that down to 1,300,000, you'd still have a heck of a lot of crime but you've taken over 117,000 people out of the cycle of crime and being victimized. We had, this year, the total number of murders in the United States still at 17,034. We talk about that like it's good, like somehow we've met our objective. We only have 17,034 murders. So I guess what I'm trying to say to you is, we can argue-- and we will in exchanges of papers here--about whether crime is trending up or down, where it is, what the causes of it are, et cetera. But the bottom line is, you still have the last full report. You have 1,417,745 violent crimes, 17,034 murders, 447,403 robberies. That's the United States of America, making us one of the most dangerous countries in the world. I mean, I find that--we accept it as that's good, we've met our goal, we only have 1.4 million violent crimes. The last point I'll make, and stop. I'm happy to welcome any comments you'd make, and I will not respond in the interest of time here. But the other thing is, I know probably a place where my friend Senator Coburn and I probably disagree is the role of the Federal Government. Sixty percent of all the violent crime in America is directly related to drug trafficking. I don't know, other than meth labs, and even there it doesn't exist--I don't know any place where it's a State responsibility. If I'm not mistaken, all those drugs come across the border. Almost all of them. Some are made here. Precursors come across the border. Not all of them. Not all of them. Heroin comes across the border. The bulk of the cocaine comes across the border. I kind of thought that was a Federal responsibility. What can the State of Iowa or the State of Oklahoma do about the border? What can the State of Delaware do about the border? So I just want to make the generic point, this notion of devolution of government and Federal responsibility, Federal responsibility seems to me to implicate an awful lot of State problems. So, for example, I'll bet you the States will make a deal. If we could just stop all the--if we could significantly improve the Federal portion of the deal, and that is keeping heroin and cocaine, just those two, out of the country, which is a Federal responsibility, I'll bet you they'd say, OK, we don't need any help. We don't want any of your help. You keep all the heroin out, you keep all the cocaine out, I don't need your help at all. So Federal failure sets up State problems, so that's why I argue that there is a role and responsibility for the Federal Government to be directly impacting on local law enforcement. But again, we will go into this argument more, but I just wanted to make those two generic points. I'd invite any comment you have. You don't have to. I'd invite any comment and I would yield to my colleague. Mr. Epley. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, for a chance to respond. You suggested that there is a difference of opinion, perhaps, over the rates of crime. Honestly, I don't know that we're that far apart. I think we both agree that there are a number of communities that are facing serious violent crime challenges. My sole point in that regard was that we don't perceive a nationwide trend. It may be that one point of disagreement, or at least a point of dialog that would be of great profit to continue, and that is, what is the best approach to violent crime. I do think, because you had indicated sort of the inextricably linked Federal, State, and local roles on things like drug control, crime control that's drug-related, related to illegal firearms. We can't do crime control without meaningful partnerships, Federal, State, local. I want to suggest that the Department's approach, represented by the President's 2009 budget, includes, for example, $200 million for violent crime task forces. Mr. Harkin mentioned that the JAG Byrne is the only source of multi-jurisdictional task force funds, and he's correct. If Congress were to authorize and fund the President's request for violent crime task forces, that $200 million could be speeded to communities that have particular challenges and would go to address their customized solution, if you will. Last year in the 2007 appropriations bill there was a good deal of money invested in the JAG Byrne program, and I know that State and local law enforcement made great use of it. As it happens, only $103 million ultimately ended up to support drug task forces. The balance went to other activities, drug courts and other very, very worthwhile activities. But even there, State administrating agencies, they had to make difficult choices about how to best apportion that money. So, I would just suggest that there's a great profit in continuing this dialogue about the best way to aid our State and local partners. Chairman Biden. The one thing I found after thousands of hours of hearings in the last 35 years, if there's going to be a crime committed in an intersection and there's three cops on three of the four corners, the crime will be committed where the cop is not. If anyone suggests to me that there's any evidence that by putting another 50,000 cops on the street we're not going to further reduce crime--forget trends, just further reduce crime in absolute numbers--I think defies what we have learned over the last 20 years. My generic point is, $200 million in Byrne grants, which is what you referenced, how they made good use of it, the request was for $570 million. If $200 million served well, $570 million would serve it better, unless you're arguing that there's not enough crime to go around. My generic point is, there's a whole lot of crime to go around. Anyway, let me yield to my colleague from Oklahoma. Senator? Senator Coburn. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Just a couple of questions. What was the balance that the Justice Department carried over at the end of last year? Mr. Epley. I don't know. Senator Coburn. I do. It's $2.87 billion. For those who are not aware, the Justice Department is the only agency of the Federal Government that gets to keep their unobligated balances, a large percentage of them. No other branch agency is afforded that. It just comes to mind that we could probably solve the Byrne/JAG problem without doing a supplemental. We could probably do it very quickly with an authorization bill that we take a portion of the $2.87 billion in unobligated balances and immediately put $400 million into the Byrne/JAG grants. We don't have to have a supplemental appropriation, all we have to have is an authority to do that and a direction to tell the agencies to do that. So, that's an important thing to note. We know that because the Federal Financial Management Oversight Committee discovered this in the last 2 years, fifty-some hearings on waste, fraud and abuse in the Federal Government. The administration's recommendation is to zero out Byrne/ JAG grants. Why? You'd have to be up here defending it. You may not agree with that, but you have to defend it. So, let's hear you defend it. Mr. Epley. The approach that the Department has taken, and is represented by the 2009 budget request, is to target resources where they're most needed. So, for example, in the context of those 16 cities that in 2005 and 2006 drove half of the violent crime increase reported in those 2 years, all the cities that applied for task force grants received funding. Our strategy is to leverage our partnership with Federal resources, whether it be through Project Safe Neighborhoods, taking the worst of the worst offenders, processing them through the Federal system, including serving time in BOP, all of which costs Federal resources but relieves that community of a troublemaker, a violent person, and takes the State correctional costs away as well. We're looking for opportunities to leverage what we have, leverage our collective resources in the most effective way, and to target spending where it came make the biggest value added difference. The JAG program has been used and made good effect, but it's a formula program that every State, whether it has a particular present need, present crime problem or not, or community, gets a piece of this money. Now, Federal resources, even at its heyday, the greatest amount of Federal investment in State and local law enforcement grants only amounted to be about 4.5 percent of all State and local spending on police protection. So when our share is relatively small, our view is that we need to invest it in the most value-added way. Senator Coburn. Let me take issue with that for a minute. How many drug task forces did we have before we had Byrne/JAG grants? Not a lot. Mr. Epley. No. Senator Coburn. And 80 percent of them are going to go away. Mr. Epley. It's a very important--yes. Senator Coburn. Eighty percent of the drug task forces in this country are going to go away under the President's budget. Now, the question would then come, what's going to happen to crime, and the rate of crime, and serious crime, which we know a lot is related to drugs anyway, either in the trafficking or in the addicted personalities associated with that? What's going to happen? Are you all not penny wise and pound foolish on this to think that we could reduce the drug task forces in this country 80 percent and think that there's not going to be a large pop-up in the consequential action that we're not interdicting all these people? Mr. Epley. Senator Coburn, the President's 2009 budget request asked for $200 million for task forces, to support violent crime task forces. Senator Coburn. Why take something away that's working? Why are we taking away something that's working effectively? We have DAs, we have sheriffs' departments, we have U.S. Marshals, we have the FBI. We have them all working together in interdicting this. So, sure, you've got another program which is not authorized and you've got $200 million, and we've had $600, or $520 million in average in the last four or 5 years, so you're going to reduce it 60 to 65 percent and then redirect it with another bureaucracy? We've got a bureaucracy already. We've got one that we have to supply the answers to and the results to. The fact is, is the drug task forces are one of the keys to keeping some of our communities safe because so much of the other crime is surrounded around drugs. So to me, I don't understand. I know you have a tough job. You were sent up here to defend it. The point is, I think it's indefensible because I think that's a legitimate Federal role to aid in that because it's across State lines, and very often multiple States. In Oklahoma, sometimes it's three and four States at one time that are working together. So, I just would comment for the record. The other thing that I would put in, is one of the things Congress doesn't do is prioritize the funding well. That may be part of what your all's evaluation is. For example, Hawaii ranks fourth in funding, yet 41st in methamphetamine. But they get the fourth highest amount of money on methamphetamine, but they're 41st in terms of problems with methamphetamine. So, that tells you that we're not doing a good job and that's one of the things we ought to fix. I've made a career of trying to fix priorities within the Senate. I don't know how successful I'm being, but I'm sure being an irritant to a lot of my colleagues as I try to continue to do that. I thank you for your testimony. I think it's hard to come up here and defend this position. Matter of fact, I don't think it's defensible in terms of what's going to happen if we really do gut this program. Mr. Chairman, I think we ought to have a frank discussion with Senator Feinstein, and Senator Chambliss, and Senator Harkin, because I think we can do this more quickly than with the supplemental. Chairman Biden. I think you make a very good point, Senator I'm anxious to do that and I will call just such a gathering. Well, do you have any other comments you'd like to make? Mr. Epley. Just one note for the record, Senator Coburn. Chairman Biden. Sure. Please. Mr. Epley. You mentioned a pretty significant 10-figure amount of unobligated balances. I'm not sure what all is made up in that. If it includes, for example, the Crime Victims Fund, that-- Senator Coburn. You all, in the last budget, decided you were going to take that and spend that money, even though it's--the administration has decided that they would take the money that's designed for crime victims and use it as part of your budget, which I adamantly object to. But you all did it anyway. Mr. Epley. Respectfully, both Congress and the administration, in assembling the budget request and appropriations, used that as an offset for spending. But leave that aside, I'm going to look at that. I think that those unobligated funds include things like witness fees, asset forfeiture funds, working capital funds, certain things that are part of our working budget. Senator Coburn. And the $100 million a year over which the Justice Department gets full discretion under how they want to spend it. It's not overseen by the Congress that you all get. Under a special case, the Justice Department gets that. No other agency gets it. So I'm not against you having it, but I am against holding $2.87 billion when we're struggling with task forces, when it's going to make a big difference on school children, young people, college students in this country who are multiply attacked with the enticement to become addicted to drugs. And it's not just the crime, it's the total cost to our society that's associated with it. Mr. Epley. Senator Coburn, we will go back and look at that. I just want to suggest that those funds support our core justice mission. It's not as if it's a bank account that we're keeping for a rainy day, those support current and ongoing operations. Senator Coburn. I understand. But I'll be happy to give you the continuing load of unobligated balances, which have been in excess of $2 billion now for seven or 8 years. If we've got $2 billion sitting there floating through it, then we can find $400 million to go for the JAG grants. Chairman Biden. As they used to say in those old ``Smokey and the Bandit'' movies, what we got here is we got ourselves a communications problem. And what we got here is, you all got a problem, because when Senator Coburn and I, who don't often agree on a lot of things, agree, you all have got a problem. So I'd go back and I quickly find out where that $2.6 billion is, how much you need it, how much relates to the Crime Victims Fund. A guy named Thurmond and I fought for 7 years to get that Crime Victims Fund set up. You're right, Congress may have signed on with the administration on using that as part of the budget, but I think that's going to change pretty quick. Anyway, it's delightful to have you here. I'm sure you've enjoyed it. [Laughter.] Like I said, would any person wearing a uniform volunteer to escort the gentleman out? That's a joke, by the way. I wanted to get a little bit of humor here. But thank you for doing your job, Mark. You're here and I appreciate your testimony. I truly appreciate you coming up. Mr. Epley. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Chairman Biden. It's not an easy position to defend. Thank you very, very much. Mr. Epley. Thanks. Chairman Biden. Now, our next panel is the Commissioner from a suburb of Wilmington, Delaware, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. We have the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Commissioner, Charles H. Ramsey. Prior to this appointment in Philadelphia, Commissioner Ramsey was the longest serving chief of the Metropolitan Police Department here in the District of Columbia. He's well known to many of us on this committee and in this Congress, and he was Commissioner of the Independent Commission on Security Forces on Iraq. We appreciate that, in my role in the Foreign Relations Committee. Chief, we appreciate you taking the time. From Delaware, we have the Chief of Police in the city of Dover. Chief Horvath also serves on the board of directors of the Delaware Police Chiefs Council, and is a member of the International Association of Chiefs of Police. Testifying on behalf of the National Association of Police Organizations is Anthony Wieners--pronounced ``Weiner'', as my staff points out here. I apologize if I mispronounce. You can call me ``Bidden'' if you like. Officer Wieners is a member of NAPO's executive board and an active officer, and he is also president of the New Jersey State Policemen's Benevolent Association. Gentlemen, thank you very much for your time here today. We're anxious to hear your testimony. Why don't we proceed in the order in which you were introduced? Commissioner? STATEMENT OF CHARLES H. RAMSEY, POLICE COMMISSIONER, PHILADELPHIA POLICE DEPARTMENT, PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA Commissioner Ramsey. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I also want to thank you for all the support you've given law enforcement over the years. We have had a chance to work together on quite a few issues and you're always there whenever issues of concern come up with the law enforcement community, and I want to thank you for that, and all members of the subcommittee. Thank you for the opportunity to appear before you today to discuss this very important topic. My name is Charles H. Ramsey, and I'm currently the Commissioner of Police for the city of Philadelphia. Like many American cities, the city of Philadelphia has been struggling in recent years with an increase in many types of violent crime. We've had to endure these troubles at a time of declining support from the Federal Government. As you are all well aware, funding for the Byrne Justice program has been cut almost in half over the past 2 years, and funding for the COPS program has been nearly eliminated. Other funding sources have also been reduced dramatically, and I'm here to talk to you about the challenges we face and the ways that the Federal Government can help. With additional funds, we, like many other major city police departments, could increase the number of police officers on the street, enhance our technological capabilities, improve the training of our officers on the best practices of modern policing and rehabilitate our inadequate facilities. My testimony reflects what Philadelphia is experiencing and doing about violent crime, however, Philadelphia's experience is reflective of what other major cities are experiencing across this country. The Police Executive Research Form, or PERF, surveyed 56 jurisdiction in 2005 and 2006 and reported that many cities saw homicides increase 20 percent or more. The results of 2007 were more promising in some cities, while others are still seeing increases in violence. On the day of his inauguration, Mayor Michael Nutter asked me to develop a crime-fighting strategy, which he and I delivered to the city on January 30th. The focus of the crime- fighting strategy is a return to the basics of policing, combining what works from traditional crime fighting with the best of community policing. It is a bold, aggressive plan for a long-term, sustainable reduction of violent crime in Philadelphia. The strategy, which is already being implemented, has several components, including the following strategies: putting more cops back on the street; focus on the toughest neighborhoods--we found that 65 percent of our violent crime is concentrated in 9 of our 23 patrol districts--expand the use of technology that works in our fight against crime. The crime-fighting strategy is intended to achieve Mayor Nutter's goal of reducing homicides by 30 to 50 percent over the next 3 to 5 years. I believe that it can work, and the mayor, in his recently introduced budget, has given our department additional funds to implement the plan. However, major urban areas are feeling the effect of the recent downturn in the U.S. economy. Local and State tax revenues are declining, while there is an increasing demand for public services. Cities need Federal financial help in fighting violent crime. Let me briefly list some of the many ways that Federal resources could assist us in our efforts. For several years, the Federal Government provided funds to support the hiring of additional police officers. Between April 1, 1995 and August 31, 1999, the city of Philadelphia hired 773 police officers under the COPS program. However, despite the efforts of you, Senator Biden, and others, the funding for that program has been drastically scaled back since 2002. As a result of this change and other challenges, the number of police officers on the streets declined for several years. Mayor Nutter, with assistance from Pennsylvania Governor Edward G. Rendell, is working to reverse this trend, and the fiscal year 2009 budget contains funding to hire new officers. However, the city has many demands on its limited resources. Federal support for the COPS program would enable us to get more desperately needed officers on the street. Basic aggressive community-based policing is the most important crime-fighting tool that a police department can implement, and this kind of policing requires up-to-date intense training of police officers in several techniques, including community engagement and targeted tactics such as stop-and-frisk. Community policing is a time-intensive process that requires a deep understanding of the neighborhoods we serve. Additional Federal funding would enable us to collect more sophisticated data about community conditions and needs and to enhance our training and community outreach efforts. Although our patrol officers are on the front line of our public safety system, technology also plays a crucial role in a comprehensive crime-fighting strategy. Because of declining resources, the Philadelphia Police Department is behind in its application of modern technology to prevent and solve crimes. There are numerous areas where additional funds to enhance our technology would make a major difference in our ability to protect our citizens. One example is surveillance cameras, which are excellent tools to document and prosecute criminals. In addition to serving these purposes, their mere presence has a dramatic deterrent effect, preventing crime in the immediate area. The fiscal year 2009 city budget includes funding for an additional 250 cameras, but many more areas could be covered with Federal assistance. Another area in which the technology would improve public safety would be through enhancing our response to violent crimes by creating real-time crime centers and with the purchase of mobile rapid-response command centers. These units, which are used in many cities, would enable investigators to immediately access data bases to obtain the information needed to solve crimes. Such technology would greatly improve our ability to close cases, and equally important, to prevent the loss of any further life through retaliatory violence. Another area where additional resources would help us is by supporting improvements in the department's investigation of gun crimes. Criminals who use guns during the commission of a crime are a direct and imminent danger to our communities. The Federal gun laws have substantial penalties, which include mandatory minimum sentencing. Thus, the Philadelphia Police Department is working with the U.S. Attorney's Office and ATF to substantially increase the number of gun cases prosecuted at the Federal level. However, it is very difficult to make progress in this area, given limitations of the department's ballistic investigation system, which currently has a backlog of more than 6,000 pieces of ballistic evidence waiting to be tested. This impedes the department's ability to identify and prosecute offenders in a timely fashion. Additional Federal resources would enable us to get through this backlog and get guns off the street. Finally, the department, like police forces in many other cities, suffers from an overwhelming need for capital investment. Old, decrepit facilities and an aging and high- mileage vehicle fleet hamper effective crime fighting and lower morale. A recently completed study by the Pennsylvania Inter- Governmental Cooperation Authority concluded that the city's police stations and training facilities are among the most dilapidated publicly owned buildings in the city's inventory. Mayor Nutter has committed in the 2009 budget to make an investment to improve this situation, and the department is working with the city to develop a multi-year capital improvement plan to repair or replace aging police facilities, and an information technology plan to bring the department into the 21st century. However, without State and Federal resources it will take decades to bring our facilities up to modern standards. These are just a few of many areas in which additional Federal resources would make a major difference in the lives of our residents. As we all know, the daily assault of violent crime falls harder on some of us than others. The televised grief of family members devastated by a shooting seems to lead the news every evening. But even families untouched by violence and neighborhoods are tainted by mayhem and demoralized by death and disorder in our city. It is the job of the mayor, the police commissioner, and the whole police force to unite the resources of the whole community to calm the violence, restore order, and begin to build a tangible future for people who don't seem to have one today. Of course, homicide is often the end result of a series of negative and misguided actions, events, and decisions. Programs aimed at prevention, such as the Byrne Justice program- supported Youth Violence Reduction Partnership, or YVRP, have had measurable successes in intervening in young people's lives and providing intensive services to those most likely to kill or be killed. We are thankful to Senator Specter for his leadership and recognizing the importance of disrupting the cycle of violence in the lives of our young people, and for securing funds for this program. However, with current funding, YVRP only serves a small percentage of our population. Additional Federal resources would help us achieve our goal of making the program city-wide. I should also mention that in Philadelphia we are working toward a holistic public safety effort that focuses not just on prevention, but the reentry of ex-offenders as well. Philadelphia Re-Entry Program, or PREP, provides incentives to businesses to employ ex-offenders, because the best crime prevention program is a job. We are, again, grateful to Senator Specter for recognizing the merits of this program and for proposing a similar initiative at the Federal level. Finally, we must not forget that our major urban areas are still terrorist targets. The belief is that the terrorists have not forgotten us, but are planning their next big attack. Local law enforcement officers will be among the first responders to a terrorist attack and may be the one to prevent an impeding attack. The local neighborhood terrorist is the focus of major city police departments, however, we are very much aware of our dual responsibility to neighborhood security and homeland security. We are stretched thin, and past homeland security funding was essential to bring local law enforcement up to the task of homeland security. Now is not the time to retreat on that commitment. Congress must fund the Law Enforcement Terrorism Prevention Program, LETPP, at $500 million and as its own line item. We also need stability in the urban areas covered under the Urban Areas Security Initiative, or UASI, for planning and sustainability. Local law enforcement officers have proven they can fight neighborhood crime and prevent and respond to terrorist attacks, but we need your help. No community prospers, or even survives long, without safety. Safety is why people come together to govern themselves in the first place. Just as providing for the common defense is the fundamental obligation of our national government, it is the very first obligation of local government, is to protect the lives of its residents. Mayor Michael Nutter and I have committed to making the safety of every Philadelphian a priority for this administration, and like other cities we could use some help in doing this. So, Senator, again, I want to thank you for putting together this hearing on this very important and vital topic. I also want to thank other members of the Committee as well. Thank you. Chairman Biden. Thank you, Commissioner. [The prepared statement of Commissioner Ramsey appears as a submission for the record.] Chairman Biden. Chief? STATEMENT OF JEFFREY HORVATH, CHIEF OF POLICE, DOVER POLICE DEPARTMENT, DOVER, DELAWARE Chief Horvath. Thank you, Senator. Chairman Biden, I would like to thank you for allowing me to speak here today. I consider it an honor and a privilege. As you already know, being from Delaware, I'm the Chief of Police at the Dover Police Department. I also currently serve on the board of directors of the Delaware Police Chiefs Council, and I am the second vice chairman of the Delaware Police Chiefs Foundation. I also serve as Delaware's representative to the State Association of Chiefs of Police, known as SACOP, which is a division of the International Association of Chiefs of Police. I'd like to think that I'm not just here representing the 91 sworn men and women of the Dover Police Department, but that I'm also representing the Delaware Police Chiefs Council and the smaller departments of the State of Delaware. Dover is the capital of the first State, and Dover Police Department is the fourth largest police department in the State. Our jurisdiction consists of 29 square miles, and I can state with absolute certainty that the use and sale of illegal drugs is the greatest challenge for the men and women of my department. A majority of our serious and violent crimes are directly or indirectly related to the use and sale of illegal drugs. In the 1990s, there was a violent crime crisis across this country. This crisis also affected the city of Dover. In the 1990s, the rise in violent crime peaked, with a 73 percent increase in Dover. The COPS program helped communities like Dover to put more police officers on our streets and in our schools. Over the next few years, we saw violent crime drop by 35 percent in Dover alone. Since I became the Chief of Police in March of 2001, I have been able to increase the authorized strength of the police department from 81 sworn officers to 91 sworn men and women. Six of those officers were funded by the COPS program; four of the funded officers were added to patrol our streets and our neighborhoods and two were placed into our schools to work as school resource officers. Capital School District was the last school district in the State of Delaware to get a school resource officer in its high school. We could not have done that without COPS money. There is no measure to properly show the value of these officers. Without a doubt, the addition of these six officers has made the Dover Police Department a stronger force. Unfortunately, violent crime is back on the rise. In the last 2 years alone, violent crime has risen 30 percent in Dover. I'm pretty sure Dover is not one of the 16 cities across the country that has increased the national violent crime percentage, but we are seeing it in Dover. It is important that we get back to basics. There are departments in the State of Delaware and across the country that need more police officers on the streets, equipped with the tools and resources needed to keep our community safe. The best way to help us is to fully fund the COPS program. Since September 11, 2001, the Federal focus has been taken off of street crimes and has eliminated funding for COPS hiring. Much of the funding has been moved to the Department of Homeland Security. While I support the need for increased homeland security funding, I think it is vital that we don't forget our most important security function, which is hometown security. As I, and many other chiefs before me have stated, hometown security is homeland security. Local law enforcement has demonstrated this on numerous occasions. Law enforcement is being asked to do more with less. If we have fewer police on the streets to prevent crime and to protect our communities, we will see a rise in crime across this country. That is inevitable. The COPS program used to be funded for over $1 billion. It has been cut to $20 million this fiscal year, in fiscal year 2008. The President's proposed budget for fiscal year 2009 would completely eliminate the COPS program. As a police chief, I consider this to be an irresponsible approach to policing in the United States. COPS grants have funded 463 additional police officers to engage in community policing activities, including crime prevention, in Delaware. Local and State law enforcement agencies in Delaware have directly benefited from funding made available through the COPS office. Nearly $1.6 million has been awarded for 13 school resource officers to improve safety for students, teachers, and administrators in primary and secondary schools throughout Delaware. Over $10 million has been awarded for crime-fighting technologies which have allowed officers to spend more time on the streets of Delaware, fighting and preventing crime through many time-saving technologies, information-sharing systems, and improved communications equipment. The Byrne Justice Assistance Grants were previously funded at over $900 million before the current administration took over. For fiscal year 2008, this funding has been cut by 67 percent, from $520 million to $170 million. The President's proposed budget for fiscal year 2009 eliminates the Byrne/JAG funding completely. These proposed cuts would jeopardize numerous programs in Delaware which could affect the quality of life for our citizens. I just also recently learned that funding supporting the Regional Information Sharing Systems, known as RISS, has also been cut. I think that is also a huge mistake. That is a key piece to law enforcement across the country. In closing, Federal grant funds have been extremely important to local law enforcement agencies in Delaware and across the country. My department alone has received over $1.2 million in Federal grants over the past 10 years. These funds have greatly assisted the Dover Police Department in its mission to protect the citizens and visitors of Dover, Delaware. By properly funding the COPS programs and the Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Grant programs, we will be able to better ensure success of our law enforcement efforts in preventing and reducing crime. On a personal note, Senator, from all the chiefs in the Delaware Police Chiefs Council and from the Dover Police Department, I would like to thank you for your undying support to law enforcement. Chairman Biden. Well, thank you very much. Mr. Wieners, welcome. STATEMENT OF ANTHONY F. WIENERS, EXECUTIVE BOARD MEMBER, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF POLICE ORGANIZATIONS, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA Mr. Wieners. Good afternoon, Mr. Chairman. My name is Anthony Wieners. I'm a detective with the Belleville, New Jersey Police Department. I also serve as the president of the 33,000-member New Jersey State Policemen's Benevolent Association, and I am an executive board member with the National Association of Police Organizations, which represents 238,000 sworn law enforcement officers throughout the country. I'd like to thank you for the opportunity for being here today, but on behalf of every law enforcement in this country I'd like to thank you for your passion and dedication to our cause over the years that you have served. Chairman Biden. Thank you. Mr. Wieners. The duty of every law enforcement officer in America is to serve and protect the peoples of our community. As such, we need the manpower and tools to do our best to fight crime, and as part of the national crime-fighting strategy we require the full support of the Federal Government now more than ever. I am here today because State and local law enforcement officers in America are being dangerously short-changed. Our officers are passed over for critical funding to assist them in combatting and responding to crime and terrorism. Crime is on the rise and we need the resources to fight back now. I know the Committee understands the history of the COPS program and the Byrne/JAG program, however, I would like to take this opportunity to briefly explain their significance to State and local law enforcement officers in the fight against crime. Local law enforcement has more knowledge about crime in their jurisdictions than our Federal counterparts, making us an essential part of the national strategy to combat crime. It is not a coincidence that community policing was at its best and national crime rates were at their lowest when Federal support for the programs such as COPS and the Byrne/JAG program and local law enforcement block grants was at its peak. It is also no coincidence that the steep reduction in Federal support for these programs has been followed by an increase in violent crime rates nationwide. In fact, a December 2001 study by researchers at the University of Nebraska at Omaha found that the COPS program is directly linked to the historic dropping of U.S. crime rates in the 1990s. The ``More Cops Equals Less Crime'' statistical analysis produced by yourself, Senator Biden, together with Congressman Anthony Weiner, provides further evidence to the link between the COPS grants and the decrease in crime from 1995 to 2000. According to the ``More Cops, Less Crime'' evaluation, the effects of the COPS grants from fiscal year 1994 to fiscal year 1999 on violent crimes, during that 1995 to 2000 period, were substantial. During that time, approximately $2 billion was provided nationally in hiring grants, and over $3.6 billion was provided in innovative grants to cities with populations over 10,000. Nationwide, police departments in these cities reported that violent crimes were decreased by well over 150,000 incidents between 1995 and 2000. As the New Jersey State PBA includes over 350 Locals across the State, representing municipal, county, State, and Federal law enforcement officers, we are in a unique position in regards to the needs of law enforcement in the community. The Uniform Crime Report maintained by the New Jersey Attorney General over the same period, 1995 to 2000, showed dramatic drops in every category of crime. It is not a coincidence that this occurred roughly at the same period New Jersey was granted over $293 million in COPS funding, and 4,563 officers hit the street. The current administration has been vocal in its dismissal of these important programs. It has repeatedly proposed steep cuts to COPS and Byrne/JAG programs, with the COPS hiring initiative receiving the brunt of the cuts. Since 2000, funding for the Byrne grants have been cut by more than 83 percent, from $1 billion to $170 million in fiscal year 2008. COPS programs have been cut by more than 43 percent, from more than $1 billion to $607 million. This fiscal year 2008 level includes $20 million for COPS hiring initiatives, which has been zeroed out in previous fiscal years. Twenty million will allow for the funding of approximately 500 officers nationwide. While better than no funding, this is not enough to make a real impact. Through my work as a NAPO board member, I know that the loss of needed Federal support through the Byrne/JAG program not only adversely affects law enforcement in New Jersey, but also officers and agencies from around the country. These cuts will result in closing many drug and gang task forces in California, Nevada, Texas, and throughout the midwest at a time when these forces are making tremendous strides in the fight against methamphetamine. States and municipalities will have to lay off law enforcement officers, as they are currently doing in New Jersey, because of tightened budgets and due to lack of Byrne/ JAG money. Additionally, cold case units, identity theft investigations, school violence prevention programs, and victim and witness protection services are all feeling the strains of these cuts. NAPO and the New Jersey State PBA are truly concerned about the steep decline in funding for vital State and local law enforcement assistance programs that have occurred since fiscal year 2002, particularly in light of additional duties taken on of law enforcement post-9/11. Today, local police departments, already understaffed due to lack of resources to hire new officers, must place officers into drug, gang, and terrorism task forces, as well as protect critical infrastructure during periods of heightened national threat advisory levels, often at the expense of street patrols. Additionally, many cities and municipalities, because of tight budget constraints, are forcing officers to take on counterterrorism duties on top of their community policing duties and to their responsibilities while patrolling the streets. For example, the Los Angeles Police Protective League, another NAPO member organization, has reported that the Los Angeles Police Department is mandated to redeploy officers to protect infrastructure, staff terrorism task force, and take on counterterrorism duties, and patrol units suffer. The Los Angeles Police Protective League attributes the rise in gang- related homicides that city has seen to the lack of resources the police department has to cover the holes in community policing and gang deterrents caused by the new terrorism duties. According to the FBI, in the semi-annual Uniform Crime Report which was released in December of last year, there was a steep increase in violent crime the first half of 2006. These results followed the 2005 Uniform Crime Report, which up to this point has marked 2005 as the highest rise in crime rate in 15 years. State and local law enforcement agencies are struggling to meet the needs of their communities, and due to increased duties, have diminished Federal assistance and support. With police departments in this Nation's cities and municipalities under-staffed and over-worked, the national crime rate is at the highest level in 15 years. How can Congress and this administration justify cutting or eliminating grants under the COPS program and the Byrne/JAG program? Over the past 15 years, local law enforcement officers and the agencies they serve have made tremendous strides in reducing levels of crime and violence in our communities. This success was largely part of the much-needed assistance and support provided to them by the Federal Government. The severe cut in funding suffered by the COPS and Byrne/JAG programs is already beginning to dismantle the progress law enforcement has made in the fight against crime. The correlation between the substantial decreases in Federal funding for the Justice Assistance Programs and the sharp rise in crime over the past several years can no longer be ignored. It is the tools provided to the State and local law enforcement by these programs that have improved information sharing, cooperation between departments and agencies, equipment and training, which in turn has led to more effective law enforcement and safer communities. I want to once again thank you, Senator Biden, for the opportunity of being here today, and I ask that my printed testimony be made part of the record. Chairman Biden. Thank you very much. It will be. Each of your formal statements will be made a part of the record. [The prepared statement of Mr. Wieners appears as a submission for the record.] Chairman Biden. Gentlemen, we have got an opportunity here to have a conversation, so I don't want this to be formalized, since there aren't any of my colleagues here. Let me start off by saying three things, and maybe we can speak to some of what I raise based upon your experience. I have a different starting point, and I have for 30 years. The reason I wrote the crime bill in 1995--and I might add, as you remember, Commissioner, you guys helped me write the crime bill, although I was criticized for bringing in a bunch of social workers to write the crime bill. They're good people. My daughter is a social worker, used to work in your city. The truth was, it was cops that sat around my table for months. Scott Green was the guy who helped put this all together for me. So it wasn't a bunch of people who were naive about crime. These were hard-nosed cops. They said to me back then, there were three things that were critically important: 1) you needed more. Simple, more. I mean, I notice there are certain things--all these years I've held hearings, I mention one about cops not on the corner where the crime will be committed. I also notice violent crime drops the older you get because it's harder to run down the road and jump that chain-link fence while you're being chased, you know. I mean, so certain things impact on crime. We try to make this very, very sort of esoteric, kind of like what I do these days, foreign policy. We try to make it sound like we're really important because they're complicated subjects. Some of this is pretty basic stuff. Let me start off by saying that the premise I start from, if crime does not go down every year, we're failing. Let me start off and say that again. My measure of success, what I think my job is, is to provide law enforcement organizations, federally and nationally, enough resources so that they can continue to reduce crime every year. Every year. Every year. If it goes up 1 year, we failed. We failed to give you the resources. So I want to set it straight for anybody who is listening here. For me, what I'm going to be focusing on again now that I have the opportunity, is to deal with constantly reducing the number of Americans who are victimized by crime. Technically, ideally, we only succeed when there's no crime committed. Now, we can't do that, but that's the objective. So I have a fundamental disagreement with the administration on the notion of when it warrants stopping spending on fighting crime or drastically reducing Federal spending. The second point that I will make, is this notion that there's not a Federal responsibility. Aramingo Avenue, where you have to spend a lot of your resources dealing with the drug problem, those drugs being sold there, they weren't grown in south Philly. They weren't grown in the northeast. They weren't grown in north Philly. They didn't come out of Wilmington or Camden, New Jersey. That's not where they were grown. You can't do a thing about that. What are you going to do about the drug cartel in Colombia? What are you going to do about 94 percent of the world's heroin coming from the place I just landed in accidentally in, in the mountains of Afghanistan? So I don't understand why this is called a local problem. It's not just drugs. A chief can't affect anything that happens. A lot of the folks are coming down from Aramingo Avenue into Dover. He can't do anything about that. So the second point I want to make is, I do think there is a significant Federal role, a legitimate Federal role under the Constitution. The third point I want to make to you, in the context of asking the few questions I have for you, is that we know it works. It's not like we haven't figured it out. It's not like we have to go out and reinvent the wheel. What do we do? What you guys and women told me in writing in that 1994 Biden crime bill was simple. That was that there's a direct correlation, as you mentioned, again, Commissioner, between having someone walking a beat on the street knowing the neighborhood and driving down crime. Why? The woman is going to come out and tell you who the dealer is in the corner if she knows they're not going to come back, if she knows the cop she's dealing with, if she has some relationship with the Philadelphia Police Department. You do that in Dover, Chief. They know you have a particular officer who's in a particular neighborhood. Newcastle County police do that as well. But it's getting harder. It requires more intensive use of manpower. I remember asking you guys back in 1988 when I started to write this bill why you don't do more community policing, why you've got guys riding through with a single person in a cruiser through a though neighborhood. They say, hey, it takes more resources. So the public has to understand, if you want to drive down crime, community policing being a big part of that, you need more resources, not fewer resources. So those three propositions are the place from which I reintroduced this omnibus crime bill, again. So the first thing I want to ask you, and this is kind of in a sense a set-up question. I think I know your answer. Do you disagree with any of those propositions, that success in your department--you feel success when you're driving down crime, not when it's staying static or when it's going up? Is that a fair statement? Chief Horvath. Yes, sir, that is a fair statement. Chairman Biden. And I know it's not within your power all the time. It's not your fault when crime goes up. The second thing is that the idea that if in fact it is, there is a Federal responsibility here. You don't have the capacity to figure out what comes across the river in New Jersey, do you? Commissioner Ramsey. No, sir. I mean, crime is everybody's responsibility, including the Federal Government. In listening to the testimony from the previous panel, I almost had to chuckle a little bit, the way in which they were interpreting crime stats and so forth. I think you're right on target on your first point. The key to fighting crime is being absolutely relentless at going after the people that will cause harm in our communities. You don't let up. If crime is going down, then you put more resources to get it down even further. You don't wait until you start to see that uptick, then you're right back where we were in the late 1980's and early 1990's, where crime was off the hook and we had to take extraordinary measures in order to bring it back under control. Now is the time to continue to drive it down, and that's exactly what's not happening in terms of the way in which this is being funded. Mr. Wieners. I think New Jersey is unique in itself, being in the footprint, if you will, or the shadow of the World Trade Center and the tragedy that happened there. We have probably the largest port on the East Coast. Our officers have been taking on a lot of the responsibilities that should be Federal Government, and in turn not paying attention or, because of resources, not putting their time into the communities and the areas which we serve. Chairman Biden. When the Federal Government goes to Code Orange you end up at the Tacony-Palmyra Bridge, or you end up at the Walt Whitman Bridge, or you end up looking at what's going at Dover Air Force Base, you end up deciding what's going on in the Lincoln Tunnel, coming through into New Jersey, do you get paid by the Federal Government for that? Do they pay you overtime, your cops that you deploy, your police officers? Mr. Wieners. I don't believe so. No, I don't believe so. Chairman Biden. How about you, Commissioner? Do you get-- Commissioner Ramsey. I don't know about Philadelphia, but in Washington we could apply. If it went to Code Orange, we could apply for the overtime funds that were expended during that period of time and we tracked our costs independently. I would assume that's the case in Philly as well. Chairman Biden. Now, let me ask you about--can you tell me--you may not know for certain, but what's your explanation, Commissioner, as to why the crime rate, the murder rate, in Philadelphia is up so much? I commute every day. I get nothing but Philadelphia television, and I complain about that. But everything that Philadelphia hears, we hear in Delaware. We don't have a private television station. I don't think there's a night that goes by that you're not in the street trying to figure out how you deal with a murder that's occurred. I know the mayor is absolutely committed to doing something about it. But what's your explanation as to why the murder rate is up in Philly so significantly? Commissioner Ramsey. Well, we've had 47 murders so far this year and it's only February 27th. Now, that's actually down from last year. Last year at this time we had 60. It's a very violent city in pockets. We have a lot of people that have no regard at all for human life. The availability of handguns is not helping the situation. What we're finding is more and more people are getting killed over very trivial matters. We had a young man, 16-year- old boy on his birthday, killed because he hit someone with a snowball. The person got angry, got a gun, and shot and killed him. I mean, just senseless crime that's taking place. So to think that violent crime somehow is better, the streets are very violent. I had six officers shot last year, one killed, breaking up a robbery. That's what's going on, the reality of what's going on in the streets of our city. That's not reflected in numbers. It's far too much violence taking place on our streets, so whether the numbers happen to be up today or down today, there's still far too much crime and violence in our cities, Philadelphia being one of them. I'm joined here today by the chief from Montgomery County, Maryland. Tom Manger is in the audience, and Gil Krowakowski, the chief in Seattle, Washington. We've had conversations about this, all the major city chiefs. We're very concerned about what we see is an emerging trend that is going to put us all in a very, very difficult situation, if not this year, certainly next year. We know what we're looking at. We have all done this for a considerable period of time. I'm in my 39th year. I know what I'm looking at. You can interpret numbers any way you want: the streets are getting more and more dangerous. Now is not the time to stop funding, to reduce funding. Now is the time to put more resources into policing, not less. Chairman Biden. Now, you represent the fifth largest city in America, you represent one of the smaller cities in America in terms of--your total population in Dover, roughly? Chief Horvath. Residents, about 35,000. Chairman Biden. Thirty-five thousand. Is the murder rate up in Dover or down? Chief Horvath. No. We average about two homicides a year. But as I said in my statement, violent crime is rising. It's gone up 35 percent in the last 2 years. Chairman Biden. To what do you attribute that? Chief Horvath. Senator, I don't know. It's some of what the Commissioner said. It's a different attitude, a disregard for-- I can't say life, because I don't have the homicides that Philly has, but it's a disregard for the law and a disregard for doing the right thing. That's causing our violence. Almost all of our problems, as I testified to, are drug-related, in my opinion, either indirectly or directly, whether it's a turf war, this is my corner, not yours, or just a disagreement on funds, illegal funds from drug transactions, or whatever it may be. Chairman Biden. Mr. Wieners, you represent the whole State of New Jersey here. I'm pretty familiar with Camden. I'm pretty familiar with Atlantic City. South Jersey, I have some genuine familiarity with. Camden is a pretty rough place these days, has been for a while. When you guys--I'm just trying to get a sense. I'm not looking for a criminologist response. I'm looking for, when you sit down with your colleagues, what do you talk about? I mean, what do you attribute this apparent attitudinal change, the actual--because there's a sense--every cop I talk with, even in communities that--look, because I've been so aligned with you guys for so long, literally there's not an airport where I got off a plane, no matter where I am, that if your guys--and I don't tell them I'm coming. I'm not one of these guys that calls anybody. Ask the guys in Delaware. I never ask for an escort, I never ask for a ride, I never ask for--but because I've been so associated with you for so long and I know so many of you, no matter what city I land in, there's somebody in the police department, whether it's the airport police or whether it's the local city policy or State police, that come up and say something to me and ask if I need any assistance. I always ask them, what's going on? I haven't found anybody yet who doesn't think that they just have the feel things are going downhill, not uphill, even in cities where the crime rate isn't going up statistically. I'm not making this up. I'm not making this up. I realize it is not evidence. But I'm wondering, and I know this sounds strange in a committee hearing to ask you, when you sit with your colleagues in New Jersey, what do you talk about? Mr. Wieners. I think the number-one problem that we discuss, and it's not a local level, it's a national level, is gangs. Along with that, you have the drug trade and you have no value for human life. Our officers are out there dealing with it. Last year, the UCR, Uniform Crime Reports, statistics have 57 of my officers in New Jersey who were assaulted with a firearm. There's too many firearms out on the street. The gangs are out of control. Along with the gangs goes the narcotics trade. There's no value for human life. Chairman Biden. Again, Commissioner, it's hard for you to answer this because you've only recently been in Philly. You may or may not have an answer. so I understand you may not. But if I were to ask your management corps wearing uniforms throughout the city whether or not they're getting more or less cooperation from the citizenry, people who aren't committing crimes, compared to 10 years ago, what would they say? What do you think they'd say? Commissioner Ramsey. Well, I can answer that question. It depends on the community that you're talking about. This whole ``stop snitching'' campaign has really taken root in many of our communities, unfortunately. I worked in homicide 20 some- odd years ago and if there was a murder in a community--not every community, but in most communities--finding witnesses was not all that difficult to do. Now it's very difficult. We have crimes committed in broad daylight with a street full of people, and nobody will come forward. So it's becoming more and more difficult depending on the area that you're in and the nature of the crime that's been committed. Last question in this vein. Again, Mr. Wieners, you may be able to speak to this better than anybody because of the national board you're on. We had the actual statistics. I'd just like to talk about this for a minute. Has the trend been for police departments, large and small, in the last--since 2001, to move not out of, but away from, community policing as we all four know it, or increasing the commitment to community policing? What's the trend been? Mr. Wieners. Well, I could talk from New Jersey and surrounding States. Moving away from community policing because resources are needed elsewhere, especially in New Jersey with the counterterrorism and protecting infrastructure. We need help. Chairman Biden. How would you characterize it, Commissioner? Commissioner Ramsey. I think that the concept has morphed into something that is a bit different today. I wouldn't say that we've moved away from it. Intelligence-led policing, using more technology to be able to pinpoint where it's occurring, when it's occurring, and deploying our resources accordingly, but partnerships and collaboration is still a big part of what we do in Philadelphia and it's a big part of what we did in the District of Columbia. Those are fundamental to community policing. We've stopped calling it that, pretty much. It's just pretty much the way we deliver police services. But the concept itself, and many aspects of it, is pretty much intact. Chairman Biden. Chief, what would you say, talking about Delaware, and Dover in particular? Chief Horvath. Talking about, for Dover, we still have a core community policing unit which goes out into the community and tries to make the contacts and get known by the residents. However, I agree with the Commissioner, too. You try to do that type of policing with even the patrol officer. There's nothing more valuable to any police department in this country than a patrol-level police officer in a car. So the trend, I think, for a lot of departments is maybe not to have a community policing unit, but to have a community policing patrol officer, if that makes any sense. Chairman Biden. Commissioner? Commissioner Ramsey. And I would just add one thing. The real challenge, sir, is with a lack of resources, to have the kind of continuity of assignment in neighborhoods that you would like to have. Our officers are starting to revert back to running from call to call and not really having an opportunity to put to use many of the things they've learned and the things that they know work as it relates to community officers. You know, having an officer on foot patrol, it's a great idea, but when you've got a backlog of calls you've got to put them in a car so they can start to reduce that backlog. So the challenge is really having the resources to implement it properly, but we are all still believers. At least, most are still believers. Chairman Biden. The reason I raise it--I'm glad you said that. I was going to come to that point. That's my observation. I know one of the Attorneys General in our State. He's trying to implement community prosecution teams and he's having some difficulty doing that, again, relating to resources, not so much the resources that he may be able to get, which is difficult, but to have a corresponding officer who would be part of that. Initially, back in the 1990s when the crime bill--by the way, let's put this in perspective. We have reduced the amount of assistance to local law enforcement by over $2 billion since 2002. No matter how you cut it, no matter how you slice it, no matter what you do, there's $2 billion less going from the Federal Government directly to local law enforcement. I mean, that's just a fact. So it gets harder, because the thing I wanted to hear you say, Commissioner, is that when you've got a guy, you've got a reduced number of people and you've got calls coming in from all over the territory he or she is covering, the idea, she's still stopping in Johnny's Sandwich Shop, showing up at the local community meeting that evening and doing all the rest, it just gets very, very difficult. One of the biggest disappointments I had, one of the proudest achievements--achievements--one of the things I sponsored I'm most proud of was the school resource officers. What people didn't get, was I wasn't looking for a cop with a gun to shoot bad guys who would come in with a gun. That's pretty hard stuff to do. But what it was, I found, is whether it was in Dover, or in Wilmington, or whether it was in Hatboro in New Jersey, or whether it was in Payoli in Pennsylvania, if there's something bad going down behind school the next day, or if a kid brings in a weapon and puts it in his locker, kids need excuses to tell the truth. They need excuses to step up. If, every day, they walk by the same State trooper, the same resource officer and they got to know him and trust him, what we've found is they'd walk by and say, John, locker 27, Harry brought in a gun, and walked on, knowing he wouldn't be given away, but knowing he'd be safer. That's the part that I think people don't understand. As you reduce resources, you reduce that connection, whether it's a kid talking to a cop in a school hallway or a neighbor talking to a cop who has repeatedly been assigned to that neighborhood or that area town. At any rate, I know you know-- you've forgotten more about this than I'm going to know, but I think it's important for the record that people understand the connection. Let me ask you one other point about prevention here. Chief, you had a good guy who became a friend of mine, a very, very conservative predecessor, politically conservative in every way, who I met in 1992 when I was drafting the crime bill. I think Scott and I went down to see him in Dover. I expected to get push-back about, you know, we should just hang them higher and shoot them on sight kind of thing. I'm joking. `I said, what most can I do for you, Chief? And he went to a card catalogue, Commissioner, like 3 x 5 cards, like the old library thing, and he pulled out of the Dover Police Department file this catalogue of cards. He said, Senator, I just want to know what I've been following. He didn't use a computer print- out, he had cards. He said, the difference between crime among those between the ages of 13, and I think he said 21, in East Dover and West Dover is significant. The only thing I attribute it to, Senator, is one side of Dover has a Boys & Girls Club, the other doesn't. He said, you want to do something for me? Don't give me a two more cops, give me a Boys & Girls Club. That's one of the most conservative--you guys know who I mean. The most conservative police officers I knew. It brings me to this point. You're going to be competing against Philadelphia for your request for drug courts money. You're going to be competing against Philadelphia for Boys & Girls Club money. You're going to be competing against Philadelphia's request to train and equip your officers. I realize people think this is parochial, but obviously the problems in Philadelphia are bigger, considerably bigger. But the problems in Delaware are real. I want both of you at either end--you represent two great cities, one very small, the capital, in relative terms, and one very major, major city. Does it make sense--I know I'm asking you to speak against interest here. But does it make sense to think about this in only focusing on, if we could, where 50 percent of the crime is committed and not focus on where the remaining 50 percent is committed? We can narrow it down. I think it was said, what, 14 cities? Fourteen jurisdictions, 16 jurisdictions, 50 percent of the crime is committed. Philosophically, how does that work? I mean, is that a sound way to go about dealing with violent crime in America? Commissioner? Commissioner Ramsey. Well, Philly is probably one of the 16. I would still argue that that's not a sound way of going about it. I mean, it's all relative. The problems I have in Philadelphia are real for me. The problems in Dover are real for the chief. I mean, I think that everyone needs to be able to justify what they're doing, why they're doing it, and so forth. But I think to say only 16 cities, that doesn't mean that there's an absence of crime in all these other places. The point you made about prevention, the best crime-fighting tool is stopping it from occurring to begin with. So, you know, we do have to take a look at those programs that stop crime from occurring to begin with and not just focus on more cops. You do have to take an approach that's more holistic in nature that really takes into consideration all these other factors. Chief Horvath. Senator, we spoke about this earlier at lunch. The idea of Dover Police Department competing against the Philadelphia Police Department, or the city of Dover for Boys & Girls Clubs, or Weed and Seed, or any other type of money competing against Philadelphia is crazy. It's intimidating. I know that he is going to be able to justify the need so much easier on paper than I can, so I feel like my chances of competing against him and winning are crazy. He is charged with protecting the citizens of Philadelphia, and I am charged with protecting the people of Dover. I think my job is just as important as his. Maybe not as big of a scale, maybe not as difficult, but it is just as important. I think we need to be concerned with the quality of life for everybody, not just for the people in the 16 cities that caused the violent crime rate to rise throughout the country. If you get robbed at gunpoint or beat up at an ATM machine in Dover, that's just as serious as in Philadelphia. So I don't like the idea, the philosophy of, let's give him the money because he has a bigger problem. My problem is just as big. He basically said that in his statement, too. Chairman Biden. Well, again, the reason I raise this is, right now we are all justifiably focusing on, and the press is focusing on, earmarks and how they've ballooned in the appropriations process and how there are tens of billions of dollars and so on, and we should be concerned about it, and we are. In Delaware, we only have three Federal representatives. We haven't asked for any Lawrence Welk museums. We haven't asked for any money for anything that we can't totally justify on the merits. But unless, in the 38 States that are relatively small, unless you're able to compete, the idea that we're going to get money---there's only going to be money--I'm making this up--to build 10 significant bridges in America this year, guess what, if you do it simply based on population, 38 States will never get a bridge. They will never get a bridge. Now, if you have enough money to build all the bridges that are needed, there's no problem. If you have enough money to provide all the funding you need in the Nation to fight crime, no problem. You should get less money than Philadelphia gets. Wilmington should get more money than you get. New York should get more money than Philadelphia gets. But that's not the reality. The reality is, we woefully under-fund our basic infrastructure and we woefully under-fund the fight against crime. So I just think that the reason why there are formulas for distribution is that it's a little like highways. If you didn't have a formula for distribution of highways, all the highway money would go to five States. The rest of us would be riding on dirt roads. So I just want to make it clear. I'm sure that what will happen, is I'm going to get--there will be notice of the fact that Delaware gets, on a percentage basis, more than its fair share of this money. But the question is on these earmarks, in my view, is the money that it's gotten not justified in its own right? Not relative to something else, but justified relative to the particular thing for which you're spending the money? As you know, Chief--you don't known as well, but I think all your predecessors will tell you, I have been very, very cognizant of Philadelphia's needs over the years. Again, it's my neighborhood. It's my neighborhood. It's our neighborhood. Your success in Philadelphia affects our success in Delaware. I've been very cognizant of the needs of New Jersey, not being parochial, that's just a fact. There's 10 million people in the Delaware Valley. There are porous State lines, as they should be. So I just want to make it clear to you, I promise you I will fight to see to it you get the money you need, but I do not believe that when you fight for specific proposals, that if on their own they merit--they merit support, that's an earmark as dealing with crime. I might add, methamphetamine, which is a giant problem for all of us, most of it is rural communities. Not as many meth labs in south Philly as there are in Coeurdalene, Idaho. But if you base it on population, you would not think that. That's not to suggest, Commissioner, I'm not going to fight to make sure Philadelphia gets what it needs. I will. I might point out--and I realize we're going a little over. I had hoped to end by 4 and it's now seven after--is that Senator Specter and I are the co-sponsor of the bill you referenced. One of the things we can help you most with is to make sure, as the over 600,000 people we let out of State and local prisons this year, they have more than a bus ticket to get under a bridge. The rate of recidivism is overwhelming when people, when they get out of prison, they don't have any job opportunity, they don't have any training possibility, they don't have any drug rehab to go into. A significant portion of people released out of every prison, State and local, in America is addicted to drugs as they walk out the door, and it's your problem. That's why we're fighting so hard for this Second Chance Act, to actually invest $175 million into providing for transitioning these folks from prison, after serving in the Federal system, anyway, pretty set terms so that you don't have the total responsibility of dealing with it. So I thank you all for your support. I am going to be a bit of a broken record with you all. I've got to stop using that phrase. My 12-year- old granddaughter at the time followed me to a speech, accompanied me. Actually, I was down in Dover speaking and she was the only one that would drive to Dover with me to hear Pop speak. I don't blame her. I blame everyone else. Coming back, she looked at me like all granddaughters. You know, granddaughters think grandfathers are special. Fathers are a different deal. But at any rate, she looked and me and she said, ``Pop, that was a good speech.'' I said, ``Thank you, honey.'' She said, ``Can I ask you a question?'' I said, ``Sure.'' She said, ``What's a record?'' [Laughter.] She's very smart kid. She thought a record was some Olympic record or a sports record. She didn't think it was a piece of plastic that used to spin around. But at any rate, I realize I do sound like a broken record. But I'm going to come back to all of you again and again. I am determined--determined--to pass this comprehensive crime bill we have reintroduced, including authorizers of $1.15 billion per year for the next 6 years for COPS, $600 million for hiring 50,000 new cops, $350 per year for new technology and equipment along the lines you were referencing, Commissioner, and $200 million to train community prosecutors. That's not because my son was the Attorney General. I've been pushing that for 12 years. We also have COPS Benefits, we call it, based on the Brookings's studies. COPS reauthorization results in savings, considerable savings, a safe society--the COPS bill, between $15 and $30 billion on costs not having to be paid as a consequence of crime. I add 1,000 FBI agents to focus on crime because of the point you all have made about the shift. I also restore 500 DEA agents. Again, used to work much more closely with you. They had more personnel. So I hope I can look forward to being able to talk with you all about how we pushed that through. I am convinced--I am convinced. I may be kidding myself, but they said the same thing when I initially introduced the Biden crime bill now 15 years ago, that people would never buy it--my colleagues, Democrat and Republican, see the need for this. But again, the only reason it passed before is because men and women in uniform showed up in Senators' offices and said this is important to us, not intimidating, just telling them because you're still the most believable group out there. So, I look forward to working with you all. I don't think we're going to have any problem restoring the Byrne grants. I also think, by the way, that we have not focused--and I'm not going to take the time to do it now, on another cut on a program that I spent a lot of time in my career working on. I'm trying to find the statistic here. But we found that this administration is also cutting the Regional Information Sharing System, the RISS program, which I assume you think is fairly important. Hopefully we can include that in restoration moneys quickly. But the longer fight is going to be providing for the kind of commitment we had before from the Federal Government in terms of shields, technology, and support. So if any of you have a closing statement, I'd invite it. If not, we will stand adjourned. I thank you for what you do for the country, and for your cities. 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