[Federal Register Volume 66, Number 103 (Tuesday, May 29, 2001)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 29064-29066]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 01-13414]
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
40 CFR Part 52
[PA 169--4116; FRL-6986-8]
Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans;
Pennsylvania; Nitrogen Oxides Budget Trading Program
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Proposed rule.
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SUMMARY: EPA is proposing to approve a State Implementation Plan (SIP)
revision submitted by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania on October 30,
2000 and April 4, 2001. This revision responds to the EPA's regulation
entitled, ``Finding of Significant Contribution and Rulemaking for
Certain States in the Ozone Transport Assessment Group Region for
Purposes of Reducing Regional Transport of Ozone,'' otherwise known as
the ``NOX SIP Call.'' This revision establishes and requires
a nitrogen oxides (NOX) allowance trading program for large
electric generating and industrial units, beginning in 2003. The
intended effect of this action is to propose approval the Pennsylvania
NOX Budget Trading Program because it addresses the
requirements of the NOX SIP Call Phase I that will
significantly reduce ozone transport in the eastern United States. EPA
is proposing to approve this revision in accordance with the
requirements of the Clean Air Act.
DATES: Written comments must be received on or before June 28, 2001.
ADDRESSES: Written comments should be mailed to David L. Arnold, Chief,
Air Quality Planning and Information Services Branch, Mailcode 3AP21,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region III, 1650 Arch Street,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103. Copies of the documents relevant to
this action are available for public inspection during normal business
hours at the Air Protection Division, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Region III, 1650 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103;
and Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Air
Quality, P.O. Box 8468, 400 Market Street, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
17105.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Cristina Fernandez, (215) 814-2178, or
by e-mail at [email protected].
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: On October 30, 2000 and April 4, 2001, the
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP) submitted a
revision to the Pennsylvania SIP to address the requirements of the
NOX SIP Call Phase I. The information in this section is
organized as follows:
I. EPA's Action
A. What action is EPA proposing today?
B. Why is EPA proposing this action?
C. What are the general NOX SIP Call requirements?
D. What is EPA's NOX budget trading program?
E. What guidance did EPA use to evaluate Pennsylvania's submittal?
II. Pennsylvania's NOX Budget Trading Program
A. When did Pennsylvania submit the SIP revision to EPA in response
to the NOX SIP Call?
B. What is the Pennsylvania NOX Budget Trading Program?
C. What is the result of EPA's evaluation of Pennsylvania's program?
III. Proposed Action
A. NOX SIP Call Requirements
B. One-Hour Attainment Demonstration Plans
IV. Administrative Requirements
I. EPA's Action
A. What Action Is EPA Proposing Today?
EPA is proposing to approve the Pennsylvania SIP revision
concerning the adoption of its NOX Budget Trading Program,
submitted on October 30, 2000 and April 4, 2001.
B. Why Is EPA Proposing This Action?
EPA is proposing this action for two purposes. Pennsylvania's
NOX Budget Trading Program regulations address the
requirements of the NOX SIP Call Phase I. In addition,
Pennsylvania's NOX Budget Trading Program regulations are
part of the Pennsylvania one-hour ozone attainment demonstration plan
for the Philadelphia-Wilmington-Trenton severe ozone nonattainment
area. The Pennsylvania one-hour attainment demonstration plan for the
Philadelphia-Wilmington-Trenton ozone nonattainment area relies on the
NOX reductions associated with the NOX Budget
Trading Program in 2003 and beyond. Therefore, EPA is proposing to
approve Pennsylvania's NOX Budget Trading Program for two
reasons. First, because it addresses the requirements of the
NOX SIP Call Phase I, and secondly as a strengthening
measure for the one-hour ozone standard attainment for Philadelphia-
Wilmington-Trenton ozone nonattainment area.
C. What Are the General NOX SIP Call Requirements?
On October 27, 1998, EPA published a final rule entitled, ``Finding
of Significant Contribution and Rulemaking for Certain States in the
Ozone Transport Assessment Group Region for Purposes of Reducing
Regional Transport of Ozone,'' otherwise known as the ``NOX
SIP Call.'' See 63 FR 57356. The NOX SIP Call requires 22
States and the District of Columbia to meet statewide NOX
emission budgets during the five month period between May 1 and October
1 in order to reduce the amount of ground level ozone that is
transported across the eastern United States.
EPA determined state-wide NOX emission budgets for each
affected jurisdiction to be met by the year 2007. EPA identified
NOX emission reductions by source category that could be
achieved by using cost-effective measures. The source categories
included were electric generating units (EGUs), non-electric generating
units (non-EGUs), area sources, nonroad mobile sources and highway
sources. However, the NOX SIP Call allowed states the
flexibility to decide which source categories to regulate in order to
meet the statewide budgets. In the NOX SIP Call notice, EPA
suggested that imposing statewide NOX emissions caps on
large fossil-fuel fired industrial boilers and electricity generating
units would provide a highly cost effective means for States to meet
their NOX budgets. In fact, the state-specific budgets were
set assuming an emission rate of 0.15 pounds NOX per million
British thermal units (lb. NOX/mmBtu) at EGUs, multiplied by
the projected heat input (mmBtu) from burning the quantity of fuel
needed to meet the 2007 forecast for electricity demand. See 63 FR
57407. The calculation of the 2007 EGU emissions assumed that an
emissions trading program would be part of an EGU control program. The
NOX SIP Call state budgets also assumed on average a 30%
NOX reduction from cement kilns, a 60% reduction from
industrial boilers and combustion turbines, and a 90% reduction from
internal combustion engines. The non-EGU control assumptions were
applied at units where the heat input capacities were greater than 250
mmBtu per hour, or in cases where heat input data were
[[Page 29065]]
not available or appropriate, at units with actual emissions greater
than one ton per day.
To assist the states in their efforts to meet the SIP Call, the
NOX SIP Call final rulemaking notice included a model
NOX allowance trading regulation, called ``NOX
Budget Trading Program for State Implementation Plans,'' (40 CFR part
96), that could be used by states to develop their regulations. The
NOX SIP Call notice explained that if states developed an
allowance trading regulation consistent with the EPA model rule, they
could participate in a regional allowance trading program that would be
administered by the EPA. See 63 FR 57458-57459.
There were several periods during which EPA received comments on
various aspects of the NOX SIP Call emissions inventories.
On March 2, 2000, EPA published additional technical amendments to the
NOX SIP Call in the Federal Register (65 FR 11222). The
March 2, 2000 final rulemaking established the inventories upon which
Pennsylvania's final budget is based.
On March 3, 2000, the D.C. Circuit issued its decision on the
NOX SIP Call ruling in favor of EPA on all the major issues.
Michigan v. EPA, 213 F.3d 663 (D.C. Cir. 2000). The Court denied
petitioners' requests for rehearing or rehearing en banc on July 22,
2000. However, the Court ruled against EPA on four narrow issues. The
Court remanded certain matters for further rulemaking by EPA. EPA
expects to publish a proposal that addresses the remanded portion of
the NOX SIP Call Rule. Any additional emissions reductions
required as a result of a final rulemaking on that proposal will be
reflected in the second phase portion (Phase II) of the State's
emissions budget. Pennsylvania will be required to submit SIP revisions
to address the Phase II of the NOX SIP Call Rule.
D. What Is EPA's NOX Budget Trading Program?
EPA's model NOX budget and allowance trading rule, 40
CFR part 96, sets forth a NOX emissions trading program for
large EGUs and non-EGUs. A state can voluntarily choose to adopt EPA's
model rule in order to allow sources within its borders to participate
in regional allowance trading. The October 27, 1998 Federal Register
document contains a full description of the EPA's model NOX
budget trading program. See 63 FR 57514-57538 and 40 CFR part 96. In
general, air emissions trading uses market forces to reduce the overall
cost of compliance for pollution sources, such as power plants, while
maintaining emission reductions and environmental benefits. One type of
market-based program is an emissions budget and allowance trading
program, commonly referred to as a ``cap and trade'' program. In an
emissions budget and allowance trading program, the state or EPA sets a
regulatory limit, or emissions budget, in mass emissions from a
specific group of sources. The budget limits the total number of
allocated allowances during a particular control period. When the
budget is set at a level lower than the current emissions, the effect
is to reduce the total amount of emissions during the control period.
After setting the budget, the state or EPA then assigns, or allocates,
allowances to the participating entities up to the level of the budget.
Each allowance authorizes the emission of a quantity of pollutant,
e.g., one ton of airborne NOX. At the end of the control
period, each source must demonstrate that its actual emissions during
the control period were less than or equal to the number of available
allowances it holds. Sources that reduce their emissions below their
allocated allowance level may sell their extra allowances. Sources that
emit more than the amount of their allocated allowance level may buy
allowances from the sources with extra reductions. In this way, the
budget is met in the most cost-effective manner.
E. What Guidance Did EPA Use To Evaluate Pennsylvania's Submittal?
The final NOX SIP Call rule included a model
NOX budget trading program regulation. See 40 CFR part 96.
EPA used the model rule and 40 CFR 51.121-51.122 to evaluate
Pennsylvania's NOX Budget Trading Program.
II. Pennsylvania's NOX Budget Trading Program
A. When Did Pennsylvania Submit the SIP Revision to EPA in Response to
the NOX SIP Call?
On October 30, 2000 and April 4, 2001, PADEP submitted a revision
to its SIP to address the requirements of the NOX SIP Call
Phase I. Pennsylvania's SIP revision to address the requirements of the
NOX SIP Call Phase I consists of the adoption of Chapter
145--Interstate Pollution Transport Reduction and amendments to Chapter
123--Standards for Contaminants.
B. What Is the Pennsylvania NOX Budget Trading Program?
Pennsylvania's NOX Budget Trading Program affects
electric generating units and certain non-electric generating units.
The Sections of 25 PA Code Chapter 145--Interstate Pollution Transport
Reduction which comprise Pennsylvania's SIP revision are as follows:
Section 145.1 through 145.7, General Provisions; Section 145.10 through
145.14, NOX Account; Section 145.30 through 145.31,
Compliance Certification; Section 145.40 through 145.43, NOX
Allowance Allocations; Section 145.50 through 145.57, Accounting
Process for Deposit Use and Transfer of Allowances; Section 145.60
through 145.62, NOX Allowance Transfers; Section 145.70
through 145.76, Recordkeeping and Reporting Requirements; Section
145.80 through 145.88, Opt-In Process; Section 145.90, Emission
Reduction Credit Provisions.
The Pennsylvania NOX Budget Trading Program establishes
and requires a NOX allowance trading program for large
electric generating and industrial units. It establishes a
NOX cap and allowance trading program with a budget of
50,843 tons of NOX for the ozone seasons of 2003 and beyond.
The NOX budget for electric generating units and non-
electric generating units is 47,224 and 3,619 tons of NOX
per ozone season, respectively. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
voluntarily chose to follow EPA's model NOX budget and
allowance trading rule, 40 CFR part 96, that sets forth a
NOX emissions trading program for large EGUs and non-EGUs.
Because the Pennsylvania NOX Budget Trading Program is based
upon EPA's model rule, Pennsylvania sources are allowed to participate
in the interstate NOX allowance trading program that EPA
will administer for the participating states. The Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania has adopted regulations that are substantively identical
to 40 CFR part 96. Therefore, pursuant to 40 CFR 51.121(p)(1),
Pennsylvania's SIP revision is automatically approved as satisfying the
same portion of the State's NOX emission reduction
obligations Pennsylvania projects such regulations will satisfy. Under
the NOX Budget Trading Program, Pennsylvania allocates
NOX allowances to the EGUs and non-EGUs units that are
affected by these requirements. The NOX trading program
applies to all fossil fuel fired EGUs with a nameplate capacity greater
than 25 MW or more that sell any amount of electricity to the grid as
well as any non-EGUs that have a heat input capacity equal to or
greater than 250 mmBtu per hour. Each NOX allowance permits
a source to emit one ton of NOX during the seasonal control
period. NOX allowances may be bought or sold. Unused
NOX allowances may also be banked for future use, with
certain
[[Page 29066]]
limitations. Source owners will monitor their NOX emissions
by using systems that meet the requirements of 40 CFR part 75, subpart
H, and report resulting data to EPA electronically. Each budget source
complies with the program by demonstrating at the end of each control
period that actual emissions do not exceed the amount of allowances
held for that period. However, regardless of the number of allowances a
source holds, it cannot emit at levels that would violate other federal
or state limits, for example, reasonably available control technology
(RACT), new source performance standards, or Title IV (the federal Acid
Rain program).
Pennsylvania's SIP revision does not establish requirements for
cement manufacturing facilities and stationary internal combustion
engines. Pennsylvania will be required to submit SIP revisions to
address any additional emission reductions required to meet the State's
overall emissions budget. In addition, Pennsylvania's submittal does
not rely on any additional reductions beyond the anticipated federal
measures in the mobile and area source categories.
C. What Is the Result of EPA's Evaluation of Pennsylvania's Program?
EPA has evaluated Pennsylvania's SIP submittal and finds it
approvable. The Pennsylvania NOX Budget Trading Program is
consistent with EPA's guidance and addresses the requirements of the
NOX SIP Call Phase I. EPA finds the NOX control
measures in the Pennsylvania's NOX Budget Trading Program
approvable. This revision will strengthen Pennsylvania's SIP for
reducing ground level ozone by providing NOX reductions
beginning in 2003. Furthermore, Pennsylvania's NOX Budget
Trading Program is necessary to fulfill a requirement of the one-hour
ozone attainment plan for the severe ozone nonattainment area of
Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania attainment demonstration plan for the
Philadelphia-Wilmington-Trenton ozone nonattainment area relies on the
NOX reductions associated with the NOX Budget
Trading Program in 2003 and beyond. EPA finds that Pennsylvania's
submittal is fully approvable because it addresses the requirements of
the NOX SIP Call Phase I and it is a strengthening measure
for the Pennsylvania one-hour ozone attainment plan for the
Philadelphia-Wilmington-Trenton ozone nonattainment area.
III. Proposed Actions
A. NOX SIP Call Requirements
EPA is proposing to approve the Pennsylvania SIP revision
consisting of its NOX Budget Trading Program, submitted on
October 30, 2000 and April 4, 2001, because it satisfies the
requirements of the NOX SIP Call Phase I.
B. One-Hour Attainment Demonstration Plan
EPA is also proposing to approve the Pennsylvania SIP revision
consisting of its NOX Budget Trading Program, submitted on
October 30, 2000 and April 4, 2001, as a SIP strengthening measure
necessary for Pennsylvania's one-hour ozone attainment plan for the
Philadelphia-Wilmington-Trenton severe ozone nonattainment area. As
such, approval of this SIP revision is necessary for full approval of
the attainment demonstration SIP for the Philadelphia-Wilmington-
Trenton ozone nonattainment area.
IV. Administrative Requirements
Under Executive Order 12866 (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993), this
proposed action is not a ``significant regulatory action'' and
therefore is not subject to review by the Office of Management and
Budget. This action merely proposes to approve state law as meeting
federal requirements and imposes no additional requirements beyond
those imposed by state law. Accordingly, the Administrator certifies
that this proposed rule will not have a significant economic impact on
a substantial number of small entities under the Regulatory Flexibility
Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.). Because this rule proposes to approve pre-
existing requirements under state law and does not impose any
additional enforceable duty beyond that required by state law, it does
not contain any unfunded mandate or significantly or uniquely affect
small governments, as described in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of
1995 (Public Law 104-4). This proposed rule also does not have a
substantial direct effect on one or more Indian tribes, on the
relationship between the Federal Government and Indian tribes, or on
the distribution of power and responsibilities between the Federal
Government and Indian tribes, as specified by Executive Order 13175 (65
FR 67249, November 9, 2000), nor will it have substantial direct
effects on the States, on the relationship between the national
government and the States, or on the distribution of power and
responsibilities among the various levels of government, as specified
in Executive Order 13132 (64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999), because it
merely proposes to approve a state rule implementing a federal
standard, and does not alter the relationship or the distribution of
power and responsibilities established in the Clean Air Act. This
proposed rule also is not subject to Executive Order 13045 (62 FR
19885, April 23, 1997), because it is not economically significant. In
reviewing SIP submissions, EPA's role is to approve state choices,
provided that they meet the criteria of the Clean Air Act. In this
context, in the absence of a prior existing requirement for the State
to use voluntary consensus standards (VCS), EPA has no authority to
disapprove a SIP submission for failure to use VCS. It would thus be
inconsistent with applicable law for EPA, when it reviews a SIP
submission, to use VCS in place of a SIP submission that otherwise
satisfies the provisions of the Clean Air Act. Thus, the requirements
of section 12(d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement
Act of 1995 (15 U.S.C. 272 note) do not apply. As required by section 3
of Executive Order 12988 (61 FR 4729, February 7, 1996), in issuing
this proposed rule, EPA has taken the necessary steps to eliminate
drafting errors and ambiguity, minimize potential litigation, and
provide a clear legal standard for affected conduct. EPA has complied
with Executive Order 12630 (53 FR 8859, March 15, 1988) by examining
the takings implications of the rule in accordance with the ``Attorney
General's Supplemental Guidelines for the Evaluation of Risk and
Avoidance of Unanticipated Takings'' issued under the executive order.
This action proposing to approve the Pennsylvania NOX Budget
Trading Program does not impose an information collection burden under
the provisions of the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501
et seq.).
List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 52
Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Nitrogen dioxide,
Ozone, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.
Dated: May 17, 2001.
Thomas C. Voltaggio,
Acting Regional Administrator, Region III.
[FR Doc. 01-13414 Filed 5-25-01; 8:45 am]
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